#本文是慕课网《Python项目实战-核心技术进阶训练篇》的学习笔记
__new__()
本身是一个类方法,先于__init__()执行,返回一个实例,可以改变实例化行为
class MyClass(tuple):
def __new__(cls, *args):
a = [x for x in args]
return super(MyClass, cls).__new__(cls, a)
def __init__(self, *args):
print self #>> (1, 2,3)
super(MyClass, self).__init__(*args)
m = MyClass(1, 2, 3)
print m #>> (1, 2,3)
__dict__
实例属性,用于动态绑定实例属性
class MyClass(object):
def __init__(self, a, b):
self.a = a
self.b = b
m = MyClass(1, 2)
print m.__dict__ #{'a': 1, 'b': 2}
m.c = 3
print m.__dict__ #{'a': 1, 'b': 2, 'c': 3}
m.__dict__["d"] = 4
print m.d # 4
__slots__
类属型,用于解决动态属性绑定占用内存的问题,需提前声明类属性且不可变更
class MyClass1(object):
__slots__ = ['a', 'b']
def __init__(self, a, b):
self.a = a
self.b = b
m1 = MyClass1(1, 2)
print m1.a, m1.b #1 2
m1.c = 3 #raise AttributeError
__enter__() and __exit__()
实例方法,用于使实例支持上下文管理(with as).
前者在开始时调用必须返回实例对象self,
后者在结束或者产生错误时调用,__exit__()的参数中exc_type, exc_value, traceback用于描述异常
class MyClass(object):
def __enter__(self):
self.f = open('test.txt', 'w')
return self
def pname(self):
print self.f.name
def for_read(self):
raise AttributeError("f could only wirte")
def __exit__(self, exc_type, exc_val, exc_tb):
print "in exit()"
self.f.close()
with MyClass() as m:
m.pname()
"""
test.txt
in eixt()
"""
with MyClass() as n:
n.for_read()
"""
in eixt()
AttributeError:f could only write
"""
property()
内置工厂函数,用于类内部设置可管理属性
property(fget, fset, fdel)
__lt__() __le__() __gt__() __ge__() __eq__() __ne__()
< <= > >= = !=
可以实现类之间的大小比较
另有functools.total_ordering可以只定义等于和大于(或小于)就可以比较全部符号
from functools import total_ordering
from functools import total_ordering
@total_ordering
class Rect(object):
def __init__(self, length, width):
self.lenght = length
self.width = width
def area(self):
return self.lenght * self.width
def __lt__(self, obj):
return self.area() < obj.area()
def __eq__(self, obj):
return self.area() == obj.area()
r1 = Rect(1, 2)
r2 = Rect(1, 4)
print r1 > r2 #False
__del__()
实例方法,用于在python垃圾回收机制回收变量时执行
class MyClass(object):
def __del__(self):
print 'in __del__'
c = MyClass()
c = 4 #in __del__
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