对于一个n阶线性齐次常微分方程 d n x d t n + C n 1 d n − 1 x d t n − 1 ⋅ x 0 + C n 2 d n − 2 x d t n − 2 ⋅ ( x 0 ) 2 + ⋯ + ( x 0 ) n = 0 ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ( 1 ) \frac{d^nx}{dt^n}+C_{n}^{1}\frac{d^{n-1}x}{dt^{n-1}}\cdot x_0+C_{n}^{2}\frac{d^{n-2}x}{dt^{n-2}}\cdot \left( x_0 \right) ^2+\cdots +\left( x_0 \right) ^n=0\cdots \cdots \cdots \left( 1 \right) dtndnx+Cn1dtn−1dn−1x⋅x0+Cn2dtn−2dn−2x⋅(x0)2+⋯+(x0)n=0⋯⋯⋯(1)
由于其特征方程的特征根相同,即
(
y
−
x
0
)
n
=
0
(
y
为
对
x
导数的变换
)
\left( y-x_0 \right) ^n=0\left( y为\text{对}x\text{导数的变换} \right)
(y−x0)n=0(y为对x导数的变换)
要证得其解的形式有
x
=
(
C
1
+
C
2
t
+
⋯
C
n
t
n
−
1
)
e
x
0
t
x=\left( C_1+C_2t+\cdots C_nt^{n-1} \right) e^{x_0t}
x=(C1+C2t+⋯Cntn−1)ex0t
则对于
d
n
x
d
t
n
+
C
n
1
d
n
−
1
x
d
t
n
−
1
⋅
x
0
+
C
n
2
d
n
−
2
x
d
t
n
−
2
⋅
(
x
0
)
2
+
⋯
+
(
x
0
)
n
=
0
⋯
⋯
⋯
(
1
)
\frac{d^nx}{dt^n}+C_{n}^{1}\frac{d^{n-1}x}{dt^{n-1}}\cdot x_0+C_{n}^{2}\frac{d^{n-2}x}{dt^{n-2}}\cdot \left( x_0 \right) ^2+\cdots +\left( x_0 \right) ^n=0\cdots \cdots \cdots \left( 1 \right)
dtndnx+Cn1dtn−1dn−1x⋅x0+Cn2dtn−2dn−2x⋅(x0)2+⋯+(x0)n=0⋯⋯⋯(1)
设
a
n
=
d
n
x
d
t
n
a^n=\frac{d^nx}{dt^n}
an=dtndnx原式可变化为
I
(
n
)
=
a
n
+
C
n
1
a
n
−
1
⋅
x
0
+
C
n
2
a
n
−
2
⋅
(
x
0
)
2
+
⋯
+
(
x
0
)
n
=
0
⋯
⋯
⋯
(
2
)
I\left( n \right) =a^n+C_{n}^{1}a^{n-1}\cdot x_0+C_{n}^{2}a^{n-2}\cdot \left( x_0 \right) ^2+\cdots +\left( x_0 \right) ^n=0\cdots \cdots \cdots \left( 2 \right)
I(n)=an+Cn1an−1⋅x0+Cn2an−2⋅(x0)2+⋯+(x0)n=0⋯⋯⋯(2)
(注:此时an并不是a的n次方,只是为了方便对x的n阶导做简化)
因此对于式子(2)我们可以对其分解,有
A
1
=
a
n
−
(
C
n
1
−
1
)
a
n
−
1
x
0
+
(
C
n
2
−
C
n
1
+
1
)
a
n
−
2
(
x
0
)
2
+
⋯
+
(
C
n
n
−
1
−
C
n
n
−
2
+
⋯
)
a
(
x
0
)
n
−
1
A_1=a^n-\left( C_{n}^{1}-1 \right) a^{n-1}x_0+\left( C_{n}^{2}-C_{n}^{1}+1 \right) a^{n-2}\left( x_0 \right) ^2+\cdots +\left( C_{n}^{n-1}-C_{n}^{n-2}+\cdots \right) a\left( x_0 \right) ^{n-1}
A1=an−(Cn1−1)an−1x0+(Cn2−Cn1+1)an−2(x0)2+⋯+(Cnn−1−Cnn−2+⋯)a(x0)n−1
A
2
=
x
0
a
n
−
1
−
(
C
n
1
−
1
)
a
n
−
2
(
x
0
)
2
+
(
C
n
2
−
C
n
1
+
1
)
a
n
−
3
(
x
0
)
3
+
⋯
+
(
x
0
)
n
A_2=x_0a^{n-1}-\left( C_{n}^{1}-1 \right) a^{n-2}\left( x_0 \right) ^2+\left( C_{n}^{2}-C_{n}^{1}+1 \right) a^{n-3}\left( x_0 \right) ^3+\cdots +\left( x_0 \right) ^n
A2=x0an−1−(Cn1−1)an−2(x0)2+(Cn2−Cn1+1)an−3(x0)3+⋯+(x0)n
我们很容易可以看出,
A
1
−
A
2
=
0
A_1-A_2=0
A1−A2=0根据组合数的性质
C
n
r
=
C
n
−
1
r
+
C
n
−
1
r
−
1
C_{n}^{r}=C_{n-1}^{r}+C_{n-1}^{r-1}
Cnr=Cn−1r+Cn−1r−1我们可以得到
C
n
1
−
1
=
C
n
1
−
C
n
0
=
C
n
−
1
1
C
n
2
−
C
n
−
1
1
=
C
n
−
1
2
⋯
⋯
⋯
C_{n}^{1}-1=C_{n}^{1}-C_{n}^{0}=C_{n-1}^{1} \\ C_{n}^{2}-C_{n-1}^{1}=C_{n-1}^{2} \\ \cdots \cdots \cdots
Cn1−1=Cn1−Cn0=Cn−11Cn2−Cn−11=Cn−12⋯⋯⋯而此时又有
e
−
x
0
t
(
A
1
−
A
2
)
=
0
e^{-x_0t}\left( A_1-A_2 \right) =0
e−x0t(A1−A2)=0我们将上式的A1、A2用组合数性质化简,有
A
1
=
a
n
−
C
n
−
1
1
a
n
−
1
x
0
+
C
n
−
1
2
a
n
−
2
(
x
0
)
2
+
⋯
+
a
(
x
0
)
n
−
1
A_1=a^n-C_{n-1}^{1}a^{n-1}x_0+C_{n-1}^{2}a^{n-2}\left( x_0 \right) ^2+\cdots +a\left( x_0 \right) ^{n-1}
A1=an−Cn−11an−1x0+Cn−12an−2(x0)2+⋯+a(x0)n−1
A
2
=
x
0
a
n
−
1
−
C
n
−
1
1
a
n
−
2
(
x
0
)
2
+
C
n
−
1
2
a
n
−
3
(
x
0
)
3
+
⋯
+
(
x
0
)
n
A_2=x_0a^{n-1}-C_{n-1}^{1}a^{n-2}\left( x_0 \right) ^2+C_{n-1}^{2}a^{n-3}\left( x_0 \right) ^3+\cdots +\left( x_0 \right) ^n
A2=x0an−1−Cn−11an−2(x0)2+Cn−12an−3(x0)3+⋯+(x0)n因此我们有
A
1
′
e
−
x
0
t
−
e
−
x
0
t
x
0
A
2
=
0
⟹
(
A
2
e
−
x
0
t
)
′
=
0
A_1'e^{-x_0t}-e^{-x_0t}x_0A_2=0\Longrightarrow \left( A_2e^{-x_0t} \right) '=0
A1′e−x0t−e−x0tx0A2=0⟹(A2e−x0t)′=0此时积分有
A
2
e
−
x
0
t
=
C
1
⇒
A
2
=
C
1
e
x
0
t
A_2e^{-x_0t}=C_1\Rightarrow A_2=C_1e^{x_0t}
A2e−x0t=C1⇒A2=C1ex0t
单独拿出A2分析,很容易发现问题
I
(
n
−
1
)
=
A
2
I\left( n-1 \right) =A_2
I(n−1)=A2
对于A2我们可以继续分解,直至
(
x
e
−
x
0
t
)
′
=
C
1
t
n
−
2
+
C
2
t
n
−
3
+
⋯
C
n
−
1
⇒
x
=
(
C
1
t
n
−
1
+
C
2
t
n
−
2
+
⋯
C
n
−
1
t
+
C
n
)
e
x
0
t
\left( xe^{-x_0t} \right) '=C_1t^{n-2}+C_2t^{n-3}+\cdots C_{n-1}\Rightarrow x=\left( C_1t^{n-1}+C_2t^{n-2}+\cdots C_{n-1}t+C_n \right) e^{x_0t}
(xe−x0t)′=C1tn−2+C2tn−3+⋯Cn−1⇒x=(C1tn−1+C2tn−2+⋯Cn−1t+Cn)ex0t