原文转自：http://www.cnblogs.com/wuhenke/archive/2009/12/24/1631739.html
学习WorldWind有很长时间了，理论学习算是基本完成了。我体会是WW的学习主要分为两大步：WW框架体系学习和WW插件学习。学习WW插件逐步深入后，必然要首先学习Direct3D编程，这也算是我的经验之谈吧。今天Virtual Earth插件学习完成，也标志着我可以从WW理论转向WW实践啦。虽然我总结介绍的是Virtual Earth插件，但是希望网友阅读下面的内容前，最好能够先深入学习Direct3D编程、BMNG和Globe Icon插件的底层渲染，这些都是学习Virtual Earth的基础。
Virtual Earth插件包括以下几个类：
VirtualEarthForm 窗体类
VirtualEarthPlugin插件类，继承自Plugin（重要）
VeReprojectTilesLayer 渲染对象类，继承自Renderable Object（重要）
VeTile 瓦片对象类（真正实现大部分功能的）（重要）
Projection投影变换类（重要）
Search类
PushPin类
我们先看看VirtualEarthPlugin，所有的插件类必须继承自Plugin.cs，必须重写Load()和Unload()方法。这两个方法分别实现插件的加载和卸载。
Load()方法一般是实现添加菜单和添加工具按钮，跟前面介绍插件都很类似的，自己开发插件时模仿着这套路写就行。
Code highlighting produced by Actipro CodeHighlighter (freeware)http://www.CodeHighlighter.com/--> public override void Load()
{
try
{
//判断当前World为Earth(注：其他星体可通过名字判断)
if (ParentApplication.WorldWindow.CurrentWorld.IsEarth)
{ //初始化VE插件控制窗体
m_Form = new VirtualEarthForm(ParentApplication);
m_Form.Owner = ParentApplication;
//添加VE插件菜单
m_MenuItem = new MenuItem("MicroSoft VirtualEarth");
m_MenuItem.Click += new EventHandler(menuItemClicked);
ParentApplication.PluginsMenu.MenuItems.Add(m_MenuItem);
//#if DEBUG
string imgPath = Path.GetDirectoryName(System.Windows.Forms.Application.ExecutablePath) + "\\Plugins\\VirtualEarth\\VirtualEarthPlugin.png";
//#else
// _pluginDir = this.PluginDirectory;
// string imgPath = this.PluginDirectory + @"\VirtualEarthPlugin.png";
//#endif
if (File.Exists(imgPath) == false)
{
Utility.Log.Write(new Exception("imgPath not found " + imgPath));
}
//添加工具按钮，会出现工具栏里
m_ToolbarItem = new WorldWind.WindowsControlMenuButton(
"MicroSoft VirtualEarth",
imgPath,
m_Form);
ParentApplication.WorldWindow.MenuBar.AddToolsMenuButton(m_ToolbarItem);
base.Load();
}
}
catch (Exception ex)
{
Utility.Log.Write(ex);
throw;
}
}Unload()方法就是释放插件窗体，并移除插件菜单项和插件工具按钮。
我们再来看看VeReprojectTilesLayer 类，像其他插件类一样，要重载Initialize()、Update()、Render()方法，但是，VE插件重点在Upadate()方法,当然他还有其他自己特色的方法。
Initialize()方法主要是一些该类全局对象的实例化，如：投影、VE控制窗体及VeTile初始化等。
Render()方法主要是实现插件的三维渲染功能的，但是VE的Render真正实现是调用VeTile类中的Render()方法。
VE插件渲染代码
Code highlighting produced by Actipro CodeHighlighter (freeware)http://www.CodeHighlighter.com/--> /// <summary>
/// Draws the layer
/// </summary>
public override void Render(DrawArgs drawArgs)
{
try
{
if (this.isOn == false)
{
return;
}
if (this.isInitialized == false)
{
return;
}
if (drawArgs.device == null)
return;
if (veTiles != null && veTiles.Count > 0)
{
//render mesh and tile(s)
bool disableZBuffer = false; //TODO where do i get this setting
//foreach(VeTile veTile in veTiles)
//{
// veTile.Render(drawArgs, disableZBuffer);
//}
// camera jitter fix
drawArgs.device.Transform.World = Matrix.Translation(
(float)-drawArgs.WorldCamera.ReferenceCenter.X,
(float)-drawArgs.WorldCamera.ReferenceCenter.Y,
(float)-drawArgs.WorldCamera.ReferenceCenter.Z
);
// Clear ZBuffer between layers (as in WW)
drawArgs.device.Clear(ClearFlags.ZBuffer, 0, 1.0f, 0);
// Render tiles（这里的GetZoomLevelByTrueViewRange方法是个知识点，该方法是根据WorldCamera视角范围，求取当前球体的缩放层次）
int zoomLevel = GetZoomLevelByTrueViewRange(drawArgs.WorldCamera.TrueViewRange.Degrees);
//真正的渲染处理是由VeTile类的Render()方法实现的。
int tileDrawn = VeTile.Render(drawArgs, disableZBuffer, veTiles, zoomLevel); // Try current level first
if(tileDrawn == 0) VeTile.Render(drawArgs, disableZBuffer, veTiles, prevLvl); // If nothing drawn, render previous level
//camera jitter fix
drawArgs.device.Transform.World = drawArgs.WorldCamera.WorldMatrix;
//Render logo
RenderDownloadProgress(drawArgs, null, 0);
}
//else pushpins only
//render PushPins
if (pushPins != null && pushPins.Count > 0)
{
RenderPushPins(drawArgs);
}
}
catch (Exception ex)
{
Utility.Log.Write(ex);
}
}VE中获取缩放级别的方法是很巧妙的，根据原作者文章知：VE的缩放级别是1-19级甚至更低，是以2的阶乘递减的。方法我们自己开发时可以重用，但是它的思想还是要好好体会的。
注：缩放级别为 180 、90、45、22.5、……
根据视角范围获取缩放级别
Code highlighting produced by Actipro CodeHighlighter (freeware)http://www.CodeHighlighter.com/--> public int GetZoomLevelByTrueViewRange(double trueViewRange)
{
int maxLevel = 3; //视角范围为45度
int minLevel = 19;
int numLevels = minLevel - maxLevel + 1;
int retLevel = maxLevel;
for (int i = 0; i < numLevels; i++)
{
retLevel = i + maxLevel;
double viewAngle = 180;
for (int j = 0; j < i; j++)
{
viewAngle = viewAngle / 2.0;
}
if (trueViewRange >= viewAngle)
{
break;
}
}
return retLevel;
}
Update()代码
Code highlighting produced by Actipro CodeHighlighter (freeware)http://www.CodeHighlighter.com/--> /// <summary>
/// Update layer (called from worker thread)
/// </summary>
public override void Update(DrawArgs drawArgs)
{
try
{
if (this.isOn == false)
{
return;
}
//NOTE for some reason Initialize is not getting called from the Plugin Menu Load/Unload
//it does get called when the plugin loads from Startup
//not sure what is going on, so i'll just call it manually
if (this.isInitialized == false)
{
this.Initialize(drawArgs);
return;
}
//get lat, lon 获取经纬度、倾斜角度、高度等
double lat = drawArgs.WorldCamera.Latitude.Degrees;
double lon = drawArgs.WorldCamera.Longitude.Degrees;
double tilt = drawArgs.WorldCamera.Tilt.Degrees;
//determine zoom level
double alt = drawArgs.WorldCamera.Altitude;
//could go off distance, but this changes when view angle changes
//Angle fov = drawArgs.WorldCamera.Fov; //stays at 45 degress
//Angle viewRange = drawArgs.WorldCamera.ViewRange; //off of distance, same as TVR but changes when view angle changes
//获取当前视角范围
Angle tvr = drawArgs.WorldCamera.TrueViewRange; //off of altitude
//smallest altitude = 100m
//tvr = .00179663198575926
//start altitude = 12756273m
//tvr = 180
//WW _levelZeroTileSizeDegrees 获取缩放级别，上面已经介绍啦
//180 90 45 22.5 11.25 5.625 2.8125 1.40625 .703125 .3515625 .17578125 .087890625 0.0439453125 0.02197265625 0.010986328125 0.0054931640625
int zoomLevel = GetZoomLevelByTrueViewRange(tvr.Degrees);
//只要到一定缩放级别时，才启用VE（这里我们可以学习，来控制一些图层的显示）
//dont start VE tiles until a certain zoom level
if (zoomLevel < veForm.StartZoomLevel)
{
this.RemoveAllTiles();
this.ForceRefresh();
return;
}
//WW tiles
//double tileDegrees = GetLevelDegrees(zoomLevel);
//int row = MathEngine.GetRowFromLatitude(lat, tileDegrees);
//int col = MathEngine.GetColFromLongitude(lon, tileDegrees);
//VE tiles
double metersY;
double yMeters;
int yMetersPerPixel;
int row;
/*
//WRONG - doesn't stay centered away from equator
//int yMeters = LatitudeToYAtZoom(lat, zoomLevel); //1024
double sinLat = Math.Sin(DegToRad(lat));
metersY = earthRadius / 2 * Math.Log((1 + sinLat) / (1 - sinLat)); //0
yMeters = earthHalfCirc - metersY; //20037508.342789244
yMetersPerPixel = (int) Math.Round(yMeters / MetersPerPixel(zoomLevel));
row = yMetersPerPixel / pixelsPerTile;
*/
//CORRECT
//int xMeters = LongitudeToXAtZoom(lon, zoomLevel); //1024
//计算弧长，（earthRadius 地球半径，DegToRad(lon)经度的度值转弧度值）
//DegToRad()为角度转弧度的方法，很简单。弧长=半径*弧度值。（这里球体的弧度值认为有负值）
double metersX = earthRadius * DegToRad(lon); //0
//因为从西到东算列数，所以要从-180度算列所在的弧度的总长度的
double xMeters = earthHalfCirc + metersX; //20037508.342789244
//获取总的像素数。MetersPerPixel(zoomLevel))是计算每像素代表的米数。（知识点）
int xMetersPerPixel = (int)Math.Round(xMeters / MetersPerPixel(zoomLevel));
//获取列数，从西-》东（-180-》180）来算列数
int col = xMetersPerPixel / pixelsPerTile;
//reproject - overrides row above
//this correctly keeps me on the current tile that is being viewed
//使用UV结构体来存放经纬度，然后调用proj.Forward(uvCurrent)实现投影变换
UV uvCurrent = new UV(DegToRad(lon), DegToRad(lat));
uvCurrent = proj.Forward(uvCurrent);
metersY = uvCurrent.V;
//这里为啥是“—”？？看过该插件原作者的文章才会知道：原来VE的行数是从北向南算的，而WW是从南向北计算行数的。
yMeters = earthHalfCirc - metersY;
//获取总像素数
yMetersPerPixel = (int)Math.Round(yMeters / MetersPerPixel(zoomLevel));
//获取行数
row = yMetersPerPixel / pixelsPerTile;
说明：计算行列数，是为了后面获取切片后图片，并将正确的图片作为纹理渲染到正确的位置上，当然这过程还有很多处理，我会一一分析的。
//update mesh if VertEx changes
if (prevVe != World.Settings.VerticalExaggeration)
{
lock (veTiles.SyncRoot)
{
VeTile veTile;
for (int i = 0; i < veTiles.Count; i++)
{
veTile = (VeTile)veTiles[i];
if (veTile.VertEx != World.Settings.VerticalExaggeration)
{
//创建网格MESH(稍后重点分析)
veTile.CreateMesh(this.Opacity, World.Settings.VerticalExaggeration);
}
}
}
}
prevVe = World.Settings.VerticalExaggeration;
//if within previous bounds and same zoom level, then exit
if (row == prevRow && col == prevCol && zoomLevel == prevLvl && tilt == preTilt)
{
return;
}
//System.Diagnostics.Debug.WriteLine("CHANGE");
lock (veTiles.SyncRoot)
{
VeTile veTile;
//使之前存放的veTile，标记为“暂时不需要”，这里没有删除
for (int i = 0; i < veTiles.Count; i++)
{
veTile = (VeTile)veTiles[i];
veTile.IsNeeded = false;
}
}
//metadata
ArrayList alMetadata = null;
if (veForm.IsDebug == true)
{
alMetadata = new ArrayList();
alMetadata.Add("yMeters " + yMeters.ToString());
alMetadata.Add("metersY " + metersY.ToString());
alMetadata.Add("yMeters2 " + yMeters.ToString());
alMetadata.Add("vLat " + uvCurrent.V.ToString());
//alMetadata.Add("xMeters " + xMeters.ToString());
//alMetadata.Add("metersX " + metersX.ToString());
//alMetadata.Add("uLon " + uvCurrent.U.ToString());
}
//添加目前VeTile（这是重点，稍后分析）
//add current tiles first
AddVeTile(drawArgs, row, col, zoomLevel, alMetadata);
//then add other tiles outwards in surrounding circles
//添加周边的VeTile
AddNeighborTiles(drawArgs, row, col, zoomLevel, null, 1);
AddNeighborTiles(drawArgs, row, col, zoomLevel, null, 2);
AddNeighborTiles(drawArgs, row, col, zoomLevel, null, 3);
// Extend tile grid if camera tilt above some values
//根据倾斜角度决定是否继续添加相邻Tile单位
if(tilt > 45) AddNeighborTiles(drawArgs, row, col, zoomLevel, null, 4);
if(tilt > 60) AddNeighborTiles(drawArgs, row, col, zoomLevel, null, 5);
//if(prevLvl > zoomLevel) //zooming out
//{
//}
lock (veTiles.SyncRoot)
{
VeTile veTile;
//移除不需要的veTile图片，为啥是现在移除？？（思考一下有啥好处）
for (int i = 0; i < veTiles.Count; i++)
{
veTile = (VeTile)veTiles[i];
if (veTile.IsNeeded == false)
{
veTile.Dispose();
veTiles.RemoveAt(i);
i--;
}
}
}
//保存当前基本的行列、缩放级别、倾斜角度
prevRow = row;
prevCol = col;
prevLvl = zoomLevel;
preTilt = tilt;
}
catch (Exception ex)
{
Utility.Log.Write(ex);
}
}AddVeTile()方法代码
private void AddVeTile(DrawArgs drawArgs, int row, int col, int zoomLevel, ArrayList alMetadata)
{
//TODO handle column wrap-around
//haven't had to explicitly handle this yet
bool tileFound = false;
lock (veTiles.SyncRoot)
{
foreach (VeTile veTile in veTiles)
{
if (veTile.IsNeeded == true)
{
continue;
}
//判断当前的veTile对象，是否是当前缩放级别下的行列对应的“瓦片”，这里涉及到VeTile类的IsEqual（）方法
if (veTile.IsEqual(row, col, zoomLevel) == true)
{
veTile.IsNeeded = true;
tileFound = true;
break;
}
}
}
if (tileFound == false)
{
//exit if zoom level has changed
//获取当前新的缩放级别
int curZoomLevel = GetZoomLevelByTrueViewRange(drawArgs.WorldCamera.TrueViewRange.Degrees);
if (curZoomLevel != zoomLevel)
{
return;
}
//之前没下载过，需要创建新的VeTile对象。CreateVeTile方法很重要
VeTile newVeTile = CreateVeTile(drawArgs, row, col, zoomLevel, alMetadata);
newVeTile.IsNeeded = true;
lock (veTiles.SyncRoot)
{
veTiles.Add(newVeTile);
}
}
}
CreateVeTile()方法实现，相当底层啦！我自己研究了很长时间，希望能给大家说明白。即使不明白，知道是干啥知道咋用就行啦，不用深究原理的。
private VeTile CreateVeTile(DrawArgs drawArgs, int row, int col, int zoomLevel, ArrayList alMetadata)
{
//初始化VeTile对象
VeTile newVeTile = new VeTile(row, col, zoomLevel);
//metadata
if (alMetadata != null)
{
foreach (string metadata in alMetadata)
{
newVeTile.AddMetaData(metadata);
}
}
//获取纹理图片，即从服务器端下载图片用作纹理（重点，稍后详细分析）
//thread to download new tile(s) or just load from cache
newVeTile.GetTexture(drawArgs, pixelsPerTile);
//handle the diff projection
//每个像素代表的距离
double metersPerPixel = MetersPerPixel(zoomLevel);
//获取当前级别总的网格边数
double totalTilesPerEdge = Math.Pow(2, zoomLevel);
//总长度（我认为：就是地球周长）
double totalMeters = totalTilesPerEdge * pixelsPerTile * metersPerPixel;
//（我认为：halfMeters就是地球周长的一半）
double halfMeters = totalMeters / 2;
//do meters calculation in VE space
//the 0,0 origin for VE is in upper left
//在VE空间坐标系下，计算距离，原点在左上角
//首先求出WW坐标系下的，N、W（这里就是上面求行列数的逆运算啦）
double N = row * (pixelsPerTile * metersPerPixel);
double W = col * (pixelsPerTile * metersPerPixel);
//now convert it to +/- meter coordinates for Proj.4
//the 0,0 origin for Proj.4 is 0 lat, 0 lon
//-22 to 22 million, -11 to 11 million
//在以经纬度为0 0为原点的坐标系下的新的N W,坐标系方向轴为 N——》S; W——》E
N = halfMeters - N;
W = W - halfMeters;
//计算出单元格的 E S
double E = W + (pixelsPerTile * metersPerPixel);
double S = N - (pixelsPerTile * metersPerPixel);
//给新的瓦片单元格的UL UR LL LR赋值，其实就是单元网格的四角的坐标（理解这点很重要，是为了创建Mesh用）
newVeTile.UL = new UV(W, N);
newVeTile.UR = new UV(E, N);
newVeTile.LL = new UV(W, S);
newVeTile.LR = new UV(E, S);
//create mesh
byte opacity = this.Opacity; //from RenderableObject
float verticalExaggeration = World.Settings.VerticalExaggeration;
//重点CreateMesh（）方法，里面也涉及数学，不是太容易理解的
newVeTile.CreateMesh(opacity, verticalExaggeration);
newVeTile.CreateDownloadRectangle(drawArgs, World.Settings.DownloadProgressColor.ToArgb());
return newVeTile;
}
VeTile类，是真正实现渲染方法，也主要用于球体和平面坐标的转换处理、计算，算是VE插件的核心啦，这里面涉及大量的数学知识，主要编程为Direct3D编程。我们现在来看看CreateMesh（）方法。
注：如果你看懂CreateMesh(),就说明你已经理解VE大部分啦
Code highlighting produced by Actipro CodeHighlighter (freeware)http://www.CodeHighlighter.com/--> //NOTE this is a mix from Mashi's Reproject and WW for terrain
public void CreateMesh(byte opacity, float verticalExaggeration)
{
this.vertEx = verticalExaggeration;
int opacityColor = System.Drawing.Color.FromArgb(opacity, 0, 0, 0).ToArgb();
meshPointCount = 32; //64; //96 // How many vertices for each direction in mesh (total: n^2)
//vertices = new CustomVertex.PositionColoredTextured[meshPointCount * meshPointCount];
// Build mesh with one extra row and col around the terrain for normal computation and struts
vertices = new CustomVertex.PositionNormalTextured[(meshPointCount + 2) * (meshPointCount + 2)];
int upperBound = meshPointCount - 1;
float scaleFactor = (float)1 / upperBound;
//using(Projection proj = new Projection(m_projectionParameters))
//{
double uStep = (UR.U - UL.U) / upperBound;
double vStep = (UL.V - LL.V) / upperBound;
UV curUnprojected = new UV(UL.U - uStep, UL.V + vStep);
//将平面坐标投影转换为WW球面坐标
// figure out latrange (for terrain detail)
UV geoUL = _proj.Inverse(m_ul);
UV geoLR = _proj.Inverse(m_lr);
double latRange = (geoUL.U - geoLR.U) * 180 / Math.PI;
//将弧度转为角度（这里没再使用下面四个变量，原方法用到啦，不研究！）
North = geoUL.V * 180 / Math.PI;
South = geoLR.V * 180 / Math.PI;
West = geoUL.U * 180 / Math.PI;
East = geoLR.U * 180 / Math.PI;
//半径
float meshBaseRadius = (float)_layerRadius;
UV geo;
Vector3 pos;
double height = 0;
for (int i = 0; i < meshPointCount + 2; i++)
{
for (int j = 0; j < meshPointCount + 2; j++)
{ //将平面坐标（proj 4）投影转换为WW球面坐标
geo = _proj.Inverse(curUnprojected);
//将弧度转为角度
// Radians -> Degrees
geo.U *= 180 / Math.PI;
geo.V *= 180 / Math.PI;
if (_terrainAccessor != null)
{
if (_veForm.IsTerrainOn == true)
{
//height = heightData[i, j] * verticalExaggeration;
//original : need to fetch altitude on a per vertex basis (in VE space) to have matching tile borders (note PM)
height = verticalExaggeration * _terrainAccessor.GetElevationAt(geo.V, geo.U, Math.Abs(upperBound / latRange));
}
else
{
height = 0;
}
}
//将空间坐标转换为笛卡尔坐标
pos = MathEngine.SphericalToCartesian(
geo.V,
geo.U,
_layerRadius + height);
//构建Mesh顶点集合
int idx = i * (meshPointCount + 2) + j;
vertices[idx].X = pos.X;
vertices[idx].Y = pos.Y;
vertices[idx].Z = pos.Z;
//double sinLat = Math.Sin(geo.V);
//vertices[idx].Z = (float) (pos.Z * sinLat);
vertices[idx].Tu = (j - 1) * scaleFactor;
vertices[idx].Tv = (i - 1) * scaleFactor;
//vertices[idx].Color = opacityColor;
curUnprojected.U += uStep;
}
curUnprojected.U = UL.U - uStep;
curUnprojected.V -= vStep;
}
//}
//构建索引集合，分组存放Mesh点集合中的点。学Direct3D编程，看懂下面的很容易的
int slices = meshPointCount + 1;
indices = new short[2 * slices * slices * 3];
for (int i = 0; i < slices; i++)
{
for (int j = 0; j < slices; j++)
{
indices[(2 * 3 * i * slices) + 6 * j] = (short)(i * (meshPointCount + 2) + j);
indices[(2 * 3 * i * slices) + 6 * j + 1] = (short)((i + 1) * (meshPointCount + 2) + j);
indices[(2 * 3 * i * slices) + 6 * j + 2] = (short)(i * (meshPointCount + 2) + j + 1);
indices[(2 * 3 * i * slices) + 6 * j + 3] = (short)(i * (meshPointCount + 2) + j + 1);
indices[(2 * 3 * i * slices) + 6 * j + 4] = (short)((i + 1) * (meshPointCount + 2) + j);
indices[(2 * 3 * i * slices) + 6 * j + 5] = (short)((i + 1) * (meshPointCount + 2) + j + 1);
}
}
// Compute normals and fold struts
calculate_normals();
fold_struts(false, meshBaseRadius);
}
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