指针，指向结构体指针

1 指针是什么

和所有变量一样，指针有自己的值和地址。指针的值是一个内存地址变量。

#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
	int a = 3;
	int * p = &a;
	cout << "a:  " << a << "  a adress:   " << &a << endl;
	cout << "*p:  " << *p << "  p:  " << p << "  &p:  " << &p << endl;
	system("pause");
	return 0;
}

为了看得更清晰一点，我将地址001EFD5C和001EFD50缩写为0x5C和0x50。一开始我们就说了指针既有值又有地址，在图中我们可以明显的看出来指针的地址是0x5C，指针的值是一个内存地址变量。p指向的是a的地址0x5C，也就是p的值。p的值有了，那p的地址呢，就是0x50。

Tips：解引用，有时候会看到这个词，意思就是给出指针指向地址上存储的值，也就是我们例子中的*p = a = 3。

2 指针的基本操作

大致有赋值，解引用，取地址，指针和整数相加（减），指针递增（递减），指针求差，指针的比较。用一个例子说明

#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
	int a[] = { 1,2,3,4,5 };
	int * p = a; //把地址赋值给指针 等价于int * p = &a[0],指向数组a的首地址
	int * p1 = &a[2];
	//解引用，取地址
	cout << "*****解引用，取地址*****\n";
	cout << "*p:  " << *p << "  p:  " << p << "  &p:  " << &p << endl; 
	cout << "*p1:  " << *p1 << "  p1:  " << p1 << "  &p1:  " << &p1 << endl;
	//指针和整数相加（减）
	int *p2 = p + 4; //p2指向a[4]
	int *p3 = p1 - 1;//p3指向a[1]
	cout << endl;
	cout << "*****指针和整数相加（减）*****\n";
	cout << "*p2:  " << *p2 << "  p2:  " << p2 << "  &p2:  " << &p2 << endl;
	cout << "*p3:  " << *p3 << "  p3:  " << p3 << "  &p3:  " << &p3 << endl;
	//指针递增（递减）
	p++; //p指向a[1]
	p1--;//p1指向a1[1]
	cout << endl;
	cout << "*****指针递增（递减）*****\n";
	cout << "*p:  " << *p << "  p:  " << p << "  &p:  " << &p << endl;
	cout << "*p1:  " << *p1 << "  p1:  " << p1 << "  &p1:  " << &p1 << endl;
	//指针求差
	cout << endl;
	cout << "*****指针求差*****\n";
	cout << "p2 = " << p2 << "  p3 =  " << p3 << "   p2 - p3 = " << p2 - p3 << endl;
	//指针的比较（两个指针都是指向相同类型的对象）
	cout << endl;
	cout << "*****指针的比较*****\n";
	if (p2 == p3)
		cout << "p2 equals to p3" << endl;
	else
		cout << "p2 is not equal to p3 " << endl;
	if (p == p1)
		cout << "p equals to p1" << endl;
	else
		cout << "p is not equal to p1 " << endl;
	system("pause");
	return 0;
}

注意：千万不要解引用未初始化的指针，像是这样

int * p； //未初始化的指针,指向的地址未知

*p = 3；//error，想把3存放在p指向的地址，可是p指向哪里我们不知道

3 指针和数组

#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
void show(const int arr[],int n)
{
	cout << "arrray :  ";
	for (int i = 0; i < n; i++)
	{
		cout << "  " << arr[i];
	}
}
int sum_arr(const int *arr, int n)//为了保护数组中数据不被更改，使用了指向const的指针，表明该函数不会使用指针改变数据
{
	int sum = 0;
	for (int i = 0;i < n; i ++)
	{
		sum += *(arr++);
	}
	return sum;
}
int main()
{
	int a[] = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 };
	int *p; //若p = a; 那么a[i] = *(p + i)
	show(a, sizeof(a) / sizeof(int));
	cout << "\nsum =  " << sum_arr(a, sizeof(a) / sizeof(int)) << endl;
	system("pause");
	return 0;
}

4 指针和结构体（指向结构的指针）

#include<iostream>
#include<string>
#include<iomanip>
using namespace std;
struct Person {
	string name;
	double cash;
	double card;
};
double sum_p(const struct Person *pp)//传递结构的地址，参数是指针
{
	return (pp->card + pp->cash);
}
double sum(struct Person p) //传递结构
{
	return (p.card + p.cash);
}
int main()
{
	struct Person z_san = { "z_san",4323.45,120.32 };
	cout << "\nsum() =  " << sum(z_san) << endl;
	cout << "\nsum_p() =  " << sum_p(&z_san) << endl;
	system("pause");
	return 0;
}