实验九 异常、断言与日志
实验时间 2018-10-25
1、实验目的与要求
(1) 掌握java异常处理技术;
(2) 了解断言的用法;
(3) 了解日志的用途;
(4) 掌握程序基础调试技巧;
2、实验内容和步骤
实验1:用命令行与IDE两种环境下编辑调试运行源程序ExceptionDemo1、ExceptionDemo2,结合程序运行结果理解程序,掌握未检查异常和已检查异常的区别。
//异常示例1 public class ExceptionDemo1 { public static void main(String args[]) { int a = 0; System.out.println(5 / a); } } |
//异常示例2 import java.io.*;
public class ExceptionDemo2 { public static void main(String args[]) { FileInputStream fis=new FileInputStream("text.txt");//JVM自动生成异常对象 int b; while((b=fis.read())!=-1) { System.out.print(b); } fis.close(); } } |
示例的更改思路与相应代码:
异常示例1:
增加判断分母是否为零的语句:
异常示例2:
更改思路:
1. throws IOException :使用该语句抛出异常
2.try/catch语句块:捕获异常
3.将字节流改为字符流,读取文件内容
更改后代码:
package shiyan9; import java.io.*; import java.io.BufferedReader; import java.io.File; import java.io.FileInputStream; import java.io.IOException; import java.io.InputStreamReader; public class ExceptionDemo2 { public static void main(String args[]) throws IOException { try { File file = new File("text.txt"); FileInputStream fis = new FileInputStream(file); BufferedReader in = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(fis)); String b; while((b=in.readLine())!=null) { System.out.print(b); } fis.close(); }catch (Exception e) { e.printStackTrace(); } } }
实验2: 导入以下示例程序,测试程序并进行代码注释。
测试程序1:
l 在elipse IDE中编辑、编译、调试运行教材281页7-1,结合程序运行结果理解程序;
l 在程序中相关代码处添加新知识的注释;
l 掌握Throwable类的堆栈跟踪方法;
package stackTrace; import java.util.*; /** * A program that displays a trace feature of a recursive method call. * @version 1.01 2004-05-10 * @author Cay Horstmann */ public class StackTraceTest { /** * Computes the factorial of a number * @param n a non-negative integer * @return n! = 1 * 2 * . . . * n */ public static int factorial(int n) { System.out.println("factorial(" + n + "):"); Throwable t = new Throwable(); StackTraceElement[] frames = t.getStackTrace(); for (StackTraceElement f : frames) System.out.println(f); int r; if (n <= 1) r = 1; else r = n * factorial(n - 1); System.out.println("return " + r); return r; } public static void main(String[] args) { Scanner in = new Scanner(System.in); System.out.print("Enter n: "); int n = in.nextInt(); factorial(n); } }
运行结果:
测试程序2:
l Java语言的异常处理有积极处理方法和消极处理两种方式;
l 下列两个简答程序范例给出了两种异常处理的代码格式。在elipse IDE中编辑、调试运行源程序ExceptionalTest.java,将程序中的text文件更换为身份证号.txt,要求将文件内容读入内容,并在控制台显示;
l 掌握两种异常处理技术的特点。
//积极处理方式 import java.io.*;
class ExceptionTest { public static void main (string args[]) { try{ FileInputStream fis=new FileInputStream("text.txt"); } catch(FileNotFoundExcption e) { …… } …… } } |
//消极处理方式
import java.io.*; class ExceptionTest { public static void main (string args[]) throws FileNotFoundExcption { FileInputStream fis=new FileInputStream("text.txt"); } } |
积极的:
package demo; import java.io.BufferedReader; import java.io.FileInputStream; import java.io.FileNotFoundException; import java.io.IOException; import java.io.InputStreamReader; public class ExceptionTest { public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException { try { FileInputStream fis = new FileInputStream("身份证号.txt"); BufferedReader in = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(fis)); String m, n = new String(); while ((m = in.readLine()) != null) { n += m + "\n "; } in.close(); System.out.println(n); } catch (FileNotFoundException e) { System.out.println("学生信息文件找不到"); e.printStackTrace(); } catch (IOException e) { System.out.println("学生信息文件读取错误"); e.printStackTrace(); } } }
消极的:
package demo; import java.io.BufferedReader; import java.io.FileInputStream; import java.io.IOException; import java.io.InputStreamReader; public class ExceptionTest { public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException { FileInputStream fis = new FileInputStream("身份证号.txt"); BufferedReader in = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(fis)); String m, n = new String(); while ((m = in.readLine()) != null) { n += m + "\n "; } in.close(); System.out.println(n); } }
运行结果:
实验3: 编程练习
练习1:
l 编制一个程序,将身份证号.txt 中的信息读入到内存中;
l 按姓名字典序输出人员信息;
l 查询最大年龄的人员信息;
l 查询最小年龄人员信息;
l 输入你的年龄,查询身份证号.txt中年龄与你最近人的姓名、身份证号、年龄、性别和出生地;
l 查询人员中是否有你的同乡;
l 在以上程序适当位置加入异常捕获代码。
代码:
package shen; import java.io.BufferedReader; import java.io.File; import java.io.FileInputStream; import java.io.FileNotFoundException; import java.io.IOException; import java.io.InputStreamReader; import java.util.ArrayList; import java.util.Arrays; import java.util.Collections; import java.util.Scanner; public class Main { private static ArrayList<Student> studentlist; public static void main(String[] args) { studentlist = new ArrayList<>(); Scanner scanner = new Scanner(System.in); File file = new File("C:\\Users\\ASUS\\Desktop\\新建文件夹\\身份证号.txt"); try { FileInputStream fis = new FileInputStream(file); BufferedReader in = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(fis)); String temp = null; while ((temp = in.readLine()) != null) { Scanner linescanner = new Scanner(temp); linescanner.useDelimiter(" "); String name = linescanner.next(); String number = linescanner.next(); String sex = linescanner.next(); String age = linescanner.next(); String province = linescanner.nextLine(); Student student = new Student(); student.setName(name); student.setnumber(number); student.setsex(sex); int a = Integer.parseInt(age); student.setage(a); student.setprovince(province); studentlist.add(student); } } catch (FileNotFoundException e) { System.out.println("学生信息文件找不到"); e.printStackTrace(); //加入的捕获异常代码 } catch (IOException e) { System.out.println("学生信息文件读取错误"); e.printStackTrace(); //加入的捕获异常代码 } boolean isTrue = true; while (isTrue) { System.out.println("选择你的操作,输入正确格式的选项"); System.out.println("A.字典排序"); System.out.println("B.输出年龄最大和年龄最小的人"); System.out.println("C.寻找老乡"); System.out.println("D.寻找年龄相近的人"); System.out.println("F.退出"); String m = scanner.next(); switch (m) { case "A": Collections.sort(studentlist); System.out.println(studentlist.toString()); break; case "B": int max = 0, min = 100; int j, k1 = 0, k2 = 0; for (int i = 1; i < studentlist.size(); i++) { j = studentlist.get(i).getage(); if (j > max) { max = j; k1 = i; } if (j < min) { min = j; k2 = i; } } System.out.println("年龄最大:" + studentlist.get(k1)); System.out.println("年龄最小:" + studentlist.get(k2)); break; case "C": System.out.println("老家?"); String find = scanner.next(); String place = find.substring(0, 3); for (int i = 0; i < studentlist.size(); i++) { if (studentlist.get(i).getprovince().substring(1, 4).equals(place)) System.out.println("老乡" + studentlist.get(i)); } break; case "D": System.out.println("年龄:"); int yourage = scanner.nextInt(); int near = agenear(yourage); int value = yourage - studentlist.get(near).getage(); System.out.println("" + studentlist.get(near)); break; case "F": isTrue = false; System.out.println("退出程序!"); break; default: System.out.println("输入有误"); } } } public static int agenear(int age) { int j = 0, min = 53, value = 0, k = 0; for (int i = 0; i < studentlist.size(); i++) { value = studentlist.get(i).getage() - age; if (value < 0) value = -value; if (value < min) { min = value; k = i; } } return k; } }
ackage shen; public class Student implements Comparable<Student> { private String name; private String number ; private String sex ; private int age; private String province; public String getName() { return name; } public void setName(String name) { this.name = name; } public String getnumber() { return number; } public void setnumber(String number) { this.number = number; } public String getsex() { return sex ; } public void setsex(String sex ) { this.sex =sex ; } public int getage() { return age; } public void setage(int age) { // int a = Integer.parseInt(age); this.age= age; } public String getprovince() { return province; } public void setprovince(String province) { this.province=province ; } public int compareTo(Student o) { return this.name.compareTo(o.getName()); } public String toString() { return name+"\t"+sex+"\t"+age+"\t"+number+"\t"+province+"\n"; } }
注:以下实验课后完成
练习2:
l 编写一个计算器类,可以完成加、减、乘、除的操作;
l 利用计算机类,设计一个小学生100以内数的四则运算练习程序,由计算机随机产生10道加减乘除练习题,学生输入答案,由程序检查答案是否正确,每道题正确计10分,错误不计分,10道题测试结束后给出测试总分;
l 将程序中测试练习题及学生答题结果输出到文件,文件名为test.txt;
l 在以上程序适当位置加入异常捕获代码。
代码:
package demo; import java.io.FileNotFoundException; import java.io.PrintWriter; import java.util.Random; import java.util.Scanner; public class demo { public static void main(String[] args) { Scanner in = new Scanner(System.in); yunsuan counter = new yunsuan(); PrintWriter out = null; try { out = new PrintWriter("text.txt"); } catch (FileNotFoundException e) { // TODO Auto-generated catch block e.printStackTrace(); } int sum = 0; System.out.println("随机生成的四则运算类型"); System.out.println("类型1:除法"); System.out.println("类型2:乘法"); System.out.println("类型3:加法"); System.out.println("类型4:减法"); for (int i = 1; i <= 10; i++) { int a = (int) Math.round(Math.random() * 100); int b = (int) Math.round(Math.random() * 100); int m; Random rand = new Random(); m = (int) rand.nextInt(4) + 1; System.out.println("随机生成的四则运算类型:"+m); switch (m) { case 1: System.out.println(i + ": " + a + "/" + b + "="); while (b == 0) { b = (int) Math.round(Math.random() * 100); } double c0 = in.nextDouble(); out.println(a + "/" + b + "=" + c0); if (c0 == counter.division(a, b)) { sum += 10; System.out.println("right!"); } else { System.out.println("error!"); } break; case 2: System.out.println(i + ": " + a + "*" + b + "="); int c = in.nextInt(); out.println(a + "*" + b + "=" + c); if (c == counter.multiplication(a, b)) { sum += 10; System.out.println("right!"); } else { System.out.println("error!"); } break; case 3: System.out.println(i + ": " + a + "+" + b + "="); int c1 = in.nextInt(); out.println(a + "+" + b + "=" + c1); if (c1 == counter.add(a, b)) { sum += 10; System.out.println("right!"); } else { System.out.println("error!"); } break; case 4: System.out.println(i + ": " + a + "-" + b + "="); int c2 = in.nextInt(); out.println(a + "-" + b + "=" + c2); if (c2 == counter.reduce(a, b)) { sum += 10; System.out.println("right!"); } else { System.out.println("error!"); } break; } } System.out.println("成绩" + sum); out.println("成绩:" + sum); out.close(); } }
packagedemo;publicclassyunsuan{privateinta;privateintb;publicintadd(inta,intb){returna+b;}publicintreduce(inta,intb){returna-b;}publicintmultiplication(inta,intb){returna*b;}publicintdivision(inta,intb){if(b!=0)returna/b;elsereturn0;}}
运行结果:
实验4:断言、日志、程序调试技巧验证实验。
实验程序1:
//断言程序示例 public class AssertDemo { public static void main(String[] args) { test1(-5); test2(-3); }
private static void test1(int a){ assert a > 0; System.out.println(a); } private static void test2(int a){ assert a > 0 : "something goes wrong here, a cannot be less than 0"; System.out.println(a); } } |
l 在elipse下调试程序AssertDemo,结合程序运行结果理解程序;
l 注释语句test1(-5);后重新运行程序,结合程序运行结果理解程序;
l 掌握断言的使用特点及用法。
实验程序2:
l 用JDK命令调试运行教材298页-300页程序7-2,结合程序运行结果理解程序;
l 并掌握Java日志系统的用途及用法。
package logging; import java.awt.*; import java.awt.event.*; import java.io.*; import java.util.logging.*; import javax.swing.*; /** * A modification of the image viewer program that logs various events. * @version 1.03 2015-08-20 * @author Cay Horstmann */ public class LoggingImageViewer { public static void main(String[] args) { if (System.getProperty("java.util.logging.config.class") == null && System.getProperty("java.util.logging.config.file") == null) { try { Logger.getLogger("com.horstmann.corejava").setLevel(Level.ALL); final int LOG_ROTATION_COUNT = 10; Handler handler = new FileHandler("%h/LoggingImageViewer.log", 0, LOG_ROTATION_COUNT); Logger.getLogger("com.horstmann.corejava").addHandler(handler); } catch (IOException e) { Logger.getLogger("com.horstmann.corejava").log(Level.SEVERE, "Can't create log file handler", e); } } EventQueue.invokeLater(() -> { Handler windowHandler = new WindowHandler(); windowHandler.setLevel(Level.ALL); Logger.getLogger("com.horstmann.corejava").addHandler(windowHandler); JFrame frame = new ImageViewerFrame(); frame.setTitle("LoggingImageViewer"); frame.setDefaultCloseOperation(JFrame.EXIT_ON_CLOSE); Logger.getLogger("com.horstmann.corejava").fine("Showing frame"); frame.setVisible(true); }); } } /** * The frame that shows the image. */ class ImageViewerFrame extends JFrame { private static final int DEFAULT_WIDTH = 300; private static final int DEFAULT_HEIGHT = 400; private JLabel label; private static Logger logger = Logger.getLogger("com.horstmann.corejava"); public ImageViewerFrame() { logger.entering("ImageViewerFrame", "<init>"); setSize(DEFAULT_WIDTH, DEFAULT_HEIGHT); // set up menu bar JMenuBar menuBar = new JMenuBar(); setJMenuBar(menuBar); JMenu menu = new JMenu("File"); menuBar.add(menu); JMenuItem openItem = new JMenuItem("Open"); menu.add(openItem); openItem.addActionListener(new FileOpenListener()); JMenuItem exitItem = new JMenuItem("Exit"); menu.add(exitItem); exitItem.addActionListener(new ActionListener() { public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent event) { logger.fine("Exiting."); System.exit(0); } }); // use a label to display the images label = new JLabel(); add(label); logger.exiting("ImageViewerFrame", "<init>"); } private class FileOpenListener implements ActionListener { public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent event) { logger.entering("ImageViewerFrame.FileOpenListener", "actionPerformed", event); // set up file chooser JFileChooser chooser = new JFileChooser(); chooser.setCurrentDirectory(new File(".")); // accept all files ending with .gif chooser.setFileFilter(new javax.swing.filechooser.FileFilter() { public boolean accept(File f) { return f.getName().toLowerCase().endsWith(".gif") || f.isDirectory(); } public String getDescription() { return "GIF Images"; } }); // show file chooser dialog int r = chooser.showOpenDialog(ImageViewerFrame.this); // if image file accepted, set it as icon of the label if (r == JFileChooser.APPROVE_OPTION) { String name = chooser.getSelectedFile().getPath(); logger.log(Level.FINE, "Reading file {0}", name); label.setIcon(new ImageIcon(name)); } else logger.fine("File open dialog canceled."); logger.exiting("ImageViewerFrame.FileOpenListener", "actionPerformed"); } } } /** * A handler for displaying log records in a window. */ class WindowHandler extends StreamHandler { private JFrame frame; public WindowHandler() { frame = new JFrame(); final JTextArea output = new JTextArea(); output.setEditable(false); frame.setSize(200, 200); frame.add(new JScrollPane(output)); frame.setFocusableWindowState(false); frame.setVisible(true); setOutputStream(new OutputStream() { public void write(int b) { } // not called public void write(byte[] b, int off, int len) { output.append(new String(b, off, len)); } }); } public void publish(LogRecord record) { if (!frame.isVisible()) return; super.publish(record); flush(); } }
运行结果:
按课件66-77内容练习并掌握Elipse的常用调试技术
1)条件断点
2)变量断点
3)方法断点
4)异常断点
5)重新调试
6)单步执行程序
7)检查变量
8)改变变量值
学习总结:
1. 处理错误
程序中常见的几类错误:
(1)用户输入错误
(2)设备错误
(3)物理限制
(4)代码错误
异常:
在程序执行的过程中所发生的异常事件,它中断指令的正常执行。
异常分类:
(1)非致命异常和致命异常
(2)在java中,异常对象都派生于Throwable类的一个实例。
(3)所有的异常类由Throwable继承而来,分为Error类和Exception类(重点学习)
(4)Exception类中的RuntimeException为运行时异常类,一般由程序错误产生。派生于Error类或RuntimeException类的所有异常被称为未检查异常,编译器允许不对这些异常进行处理
(5)声明抛出异常:throws语句
(6)捕获异常:try、catch、finally块
Try语句:括住可能抛出异常的代码段
Catch语句:指明要捕获的异常及相应的处理代码
Finally语句:必须执行的程序块
断言:是程序的开发和测试阶段用于插入一些代码错误检测语句的工具。
断言(assert)语法如下:
1、assert 条件
或者
2、assert 条件:表达式
这两个形式都会对布尔“条件”进行判断,如果判断结果为假(false),说明程序已经处于不正确的状态下,系统则抛出AssertionError,给出警告并且退出。在第二种形式中,“表达式”会传入AssertionError的构造函数中并转成一个消息字符
日志和调试
调试技术:
按课件66-77内容练习并掌握Elipse的常用调试技术。
感受:
通过这个周的学习,我了解了异常的概念,以及异常的分类,掌握了异常的捕获和处理办法等。在课下的学习中,我初步学习了断言和java调试技术,但还是有很多不懂的地方,希望老师能仔细讲解。