MySQL基础
文章目录
1.关系型数据库介绍
1.1 数据结构模型
数据结构模型主要有：
- 层次模型
- 网状结构
- 关系模型
关系模型：
二维关系：row，column
数据库管理系统：DBMS
关系：Relational，RDBMS
1.2常见的关系型数据库
- MySQL：MySQL，MariaDB，Percona-Sever
- PostgreSQL：简称为pgsql
- Oracle
- MSSQL
**SQL：**Structure Query Language，结构化查询语言
**约束：**constraint，向数据表提供的数据要遵守的限制
- 主键约束：一个或多个字段的组合，填入的数据必须能在本表中唯一标识本行。且必须提供数据，不能为空（NOT NULL）。
- 一个表只能存在一个
- 惟一键约束：一个或多个字段的组合，填入的数据必须能在本表中唯一标识本行。允许为空（NULL）
- 一个表可以存在多个
- 外键约束：一个表中的某字段可填入数据取决于另一个表的主键已有的数据
- 检查性约束
**索引：**将表中的一个或多个字段中的数据复制一份另存，并且这些数据需要按特定次序排序存储
1.3 关系型数据库的常见组件
关系型数据库的常见组件有：
- 数据库：database
- 表：table，由行（row）和列（column）组成
- 索引：index
- 视图：view
- 用户：user
- 权限：privilege
- 存储过程：procedure
- 存储函数：function
- 触发器：trigger
- 事件调度器：event scheduler
1.4 SQL语句
SQL语句有三种类型：
- DDL：Data Defination Language，数据定义语言
- DML：Data Manipulation Language，数据操纵语言
- DCL：Data Control Language，数据控制语言
| SQL语句类型 | 对应操作 |
|---|---|
| DDL | CREATE：创建 DROP：删除 ALTER：修改 |
| DML | INSERT：向表中插入数据 DELETE：删除表中数据 UPDATE：更新表中数据 SELECT：查询表中数据 |
| DCL | GRANT：授权 REVOKE：移除授权 |
2. mysql安装与配置
2.1 mysql安装
mysql安装方式有三种：
- 源代码：编译安装
- 二进制格式的程序包：展开至特定路径，并经过简单配置后即可使用
- 程序包管理器管理的程序包：
- rpm：有两种
- OS Vendor：操作系统发行商提供的
- 项目官方提供的
- deb
- rpm：有两种
2.2 mysql配置
[root@localhost ~]# wget https://repo.mysql.com/mysql57-community-release-el7-10.noarch.rpm
2022-07-25 14:33:09 (12.7 KB/s) - 'mysql57-community-release-el710.noarch.rpm' saved [25548/25548]
[root@localhost ~]# ls
myblog.html mysql57-community-release-el7-10.noarch.rpm
//安装下载完成的文件
[root@localhost ~]# rpm -ivh mysql57-community-release-el7-10.noarch.rpm
warning: mysql57-community-release-el7-10.noarch.rpm: Header V3 DSA/SHA1 Signature, key ID 5072e1f5: NOKEY
Verifying... ################################# [100%]
Preparing... ################################# [100%]
package mysql57-community-release-el7-10.noarch is already installed
随后分别下载（Index of /232905/yum/mysql-5.7-community/el/7）五个文件
[root@localhost ~]# wget http://repo.mysql.com/yum/mysql-5.7-community/el/7/x86_64/mysql-community-client-5.7.37-1.el7.x86_64.rpm
[root@localhost ~]# wget http://repo.mysql.com/yum/mysql-5.7-community/el/7/x86_64/mysql-community-common-5.7.37-1.el7.x86_64.rpm
[root@localhost ~]# wget http://repo.mysql.com/yum/mysql-5.7-community/el/7/x86_64/mysql-community-devel-5.7.37-1.el7.x86_64.rpm
[root@localhost ~]# wget http://repo.mysql.com/yum/mysql-5.7-community/el/7/x86_64/mysql-community-libs-5.7.37-1.el7.x86_64.rpm
[root@localhost ~]# wget http://repo.mysql.com/yum/mysql-5.7-community/el/7/x86_64/mysql-community-server-5.7.37-1.el7.x86_64.rpm
[root@localhost ~]# ls
mysql-community-client-5.7.37-1.el7.x86_64.rpm mysql-community-libs-5.7.37-1.el7.x86_64.rpm
mysql-community-common-5.7.37-1.el7.x86_64.rpm mysql-community-server-5.7.37-1.el7.x86_64.rpm
mysql-community-devel-5.7.37-1.el7.x86_64.rpm mysql57-community-release-el7-10.noarch.rpm
安装
[root@localhost ~]# rm -f mysql57-community-release-el7-10.noarch.rpm
//删除没用的rpm包
[root@localhost ~]#rpm -e mariadb-connector-c-config --nodeps
//删除原有的 mariadb 包
[root@localhost ~]# yum -y install *.rpm //安装/root目录下的所有.rpm结尾的包
关闭防火墙等一系列程序
[root@localhost ~]# systemctl disable --now firewalld.service
Removed /etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/firewalld.service.
Removed /etc/systemd/system/dbus-org.fedoraproject.FirewallD1.service.
[root@localhost ~]# setenforce 0 //关闭setenforce
[root@localhost ~]# vim /etc/selinux//config //永久关闭
[root@localhost ~]# cat /etc/selinux//config
# This file controls the state of SELinux on the system.
# SELINUX= can take one of these three values:
# enforcing - SELinux security policy is enforced.
# permissive - SELinux prints warnings instead of enforcing.
# disabled - No SELinux policy is loaded.
SELINUX=disabled //更改此行
# SELINUXTYPE= can take one of these three values:
# targeted - Targeted processes are protected,
# minimum - Modification of targeted policy. Only selected processes are protected.
# mls - Multi Level Security protection.
SELINUXTYPE=targeted
设置并开启开机自启服务
[root@localhost ~]# systemctl status mysqld
● mysqld.service - MySQL Server
Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/mysqld.service; enabled; vendor preset: disabled)
Active: inactive (dead)
Docs: man:mysqld(8)
http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/en/using-systemd.html
[root@localhost ~]# systemctl enable --now mysqld
[root@localhost ~]# systemctl status mysqld
● mysqld.service - MySQL Server
Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/mysqld.service; enabled; vendor preset: disabled)
Active: active (running) since Mon 2022-07-25 15:17:39 CST; 7s ago
Docs: man:mysqld(8)
http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/en/using-systemd.html
Process: 74021 ExecStart=/usr/sbin/mysqld --daemonize --pid-file=/var/run/mysqld/mysqld.pid $M>
Process: 73641 ExecStartPre=/usr/bin/mysqld_pre_systemd (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS)
Main PID: 74023 (mysqld)
Tasks: 27 (limit: 49262)
Memory: 303.7M
CGroup: /system.slice/mysqld.service
└─74023 /usr/sbin/mysqld --daemonize --pid-file=/var/run/mysqld/mysqld.pid
Jul 25 15:17:32 localhost.localdomain systemd[1]: Starting MySQL Server...
Jul 25 15:17:39 localhost.localdomain systemd[1]: Started MySQL Server.
查看端口
[root@localhost ~]# ss -antl
State Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address:Port Peer Address:Port Process
LISTEN 0 128 0.0.0.0:22 0.0.0.0:*
LISTEN 0 128 [::]:22 [::]:*
LISTEN 0 80 *:3306 *:*
进入设置临时密码并更改为永久密码
[root@localhost ~]# grep "password" /var/log/mysqld.log
2022-07-25T07:17:34.034454Z 1 [Note] A temporary password is generated for root@localhost: GJoEqpJhT6_+
[root@localhost ~]# mysql -p'GJoEqpJhT6_+'
mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.
Welcome to the MySQL monitor. Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MySQL connection id is 3
Server version: 5.7.37
Copyright (c) 2000, 2022, Oracle and/or its affiliates.
Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its
affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective
owners.
Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.
mysql> //进来之后第一件事是更改之前的密码
mysql> set global validate_password_policy=0; //将设置密码的复杂性设为最低
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> set global validate_password_length=1;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> set password = password('Dnp123456.');
Query OK, 0 rows affected, 1 warning (0.00 sec)
mysql> quit //更改完成之后退出测试密码是否更改成功
Bye
[root@localhost ~]# mysql -uroot -pDnp123456.
mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.
Welcome to the MySQL monitor. Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MySQL connection id is 5
Server version: 5.7.37 MySQL Community Server (GPL)
Copyright (c) 2000, 2022, Oracle and/or its affiliates.
Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its
affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective
owners.
Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.
mysql>
//能够再次进入说明没有问题
删除前面所安装的mysql57-community-release。
[root@localhost ~]# rpm -e mysql57-community-release
3. mysql的程序组成
- 客户端
- mysql：CLI交互式客户端程序
- mysql_secure_installation：安全初始化，强烈建议安装完以后执行此命令
- mysqldump：mysql备份工具
- mysqladmin
- 服务器端
- mysqld
3.1 mysql工具使用
//语法：mysql [OPTIONS] [database]
//常用的OPTIONS：
-uUSERNAME //指定用户名，默认为root
-hHOST //指定服务器主机，默认为localhost，推荐使用ip地址
-pPASSWORD //指定用户的密码
-P# //指定数据库监听的端口，这里的#需用实际的端口号代替，如-P3307
-V //查看当前使用的mysql版本
-e //不登录mysql执行sql语句后退出，常用于脚本
随后进入mysql数据库创建一个表格测试
[root@localhost ~]# rpm -e mysql57-community-release
[root@localhost ~]# mysql -uroot -pDnp123456.
mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.
Welcome to the MySQL monitor. Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MySQL connection id is 6
Server version: 5.7.37 MySQL Community Server (GPL)
Copyright (c) 2000, 2022, Oracle and/or its affiliates.
Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its
affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective
owners.
Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.
mysql> GRANT ALL ON *.* TO 'root'@'192.168.48.1' IDENTIFIED BY 'Dnp123456.';
Query OK, 0 rows affected, 1 warning (0.00 sec)
mysql> create database test; //创建一个test的数据库
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> show databases;
+--------------------+
| Database |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| mysql |
| performance_schema |
| sys |
| test |
+--------------------+
5 rows in set (0.01 sec)
mysql> quit
Bye
3.2 服务器监听的两种socket地址
| socket类型 | 说明 |
|---|---|
| ip socket | 默认监听在tcp的3306端口，支持远程通信 |
| unix sock | 监听在sock文件上（/tmp/mysql.sock，/var/lib/mysql/mysql.sock） 仅支持本地通信 server地址只能是：localhost，127.0.0.1 |
4. mysql数据库操作
4.1 DDL操作
4.1.1 数据库操作
//创建数据库
//语法：CREATE DATABASE [IF NOT EXISTS] 'DB_NAME';
//创建数据库dnp
mysql> CREATE DATABASE IF NOT EXISTS dnp;
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> SHOW DATABASES;
+--------------------+
| Database |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| dnp |
| mysql |
| performance_schema |
| sys |
| test |
+--------------------+
6 rows in set (0.00 sec)
//删除数据库
//语法：DROP DATABASE [IF EXISTS] 'DB_NAME';
//删除数据库dnp
mysql> DROP DATABASE IF EXISTS dnp;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> SHOW DATABASES;
+--------------------+
| Database |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| mysql |
| performance_schema |
| sys |
| test |
+--------------------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql>
4.1.2 表操作
//创建表
//语法：CREATE TABLE table_name (col1 datatype 修饰符,col2 datatype 修饰符) ENGINE='存储引擎类型';
//在数据库dnp里创建表DNP
mysql> CREATE DATABASE dnp;
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> use dnp;
Database changed
mysql> CREATE TABLE DNP (id int NOT NULL,name VARCHAR(100) NOT NULL,age tinyint);
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.04 sec)
mysql> SHOW TABLES;
+---------------+
| Tables_in_dnp |
+---------------+
| DNP |
+---------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
//删除表
//语法：DROP TABLE [ IF EXISTS ] 'table_name';
//删除表DNP
mysql> DROP TABLE DNP;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> SHOW TABLES;
Empty set (0.00 sec)
4.1.3 用户操作
mysql用户帐号由两部分组成，如’USERNAME’@‘HOST’，表示此USERNAME只能从此HOST上远程登录
这里（‘USERNAME’@‘HOST’）的HOST用于限制此用户可通过哪些主机远程连接mysql程序，其值可为：
- IP地址，如：192.168.48.137
- 通配符
- %：匹配任意长度的任意字符，常用于设置允许从任何主机登录
- _：匹配任意单个字符
//数据库用户创建
//语法：CREATE USER 'username'@'host' [IDENTIFIED BY 'password'];
//创建数据库用户sia
mysql> CREATE USER 'sia'@'127.0.0.1' IDENTIFIED BY 'sia123!';
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
//删除数据库用户
//语法：DROP USER 'username'@'host';
mysql> DROP USER 'sia'@'127.0.0.1';
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
4.1.4 查看命令SHOW
mysql> SHOW CHARACTER SET; //查看支持的所有字符集
+----------+---------------------------------+---------------------+--------+
| Charset | Description | Default collation | Maxlen |
+----------+---------------------------------+---------------------+--------+
| big5 | Big5 Traditional Chinese | big5_chinese_ci | 2 |
| dec8 | DEC West European | dec8_swedish_ci | 1 |
| cp850 | DOS West European | cp850_general_ci | 1 |
| hp8 | HP West European | hp8_english_ci | 1 |
| koi8r | KOI8-R Relcom Russian | koi8r_general_ci | 1 |
| latin1 | cp1252 West European | latin1_swedish_ci | 1 |
| latin2 | ISO 8859-2 Central European | latin2_general_ci | 1 |
| swe7 | 7bit Swedish | swe7_swedish_ci | 1 |
| ascii | US ASCII | ascii_general_ci | 1 |
| ujis | EUC-JP Japanese | ujis_japanese_ci | 3 |
| sjis | Shift-JIS Japanese | sjis_japanese_ci | 2 |
| hebrew | ISO 8859-8 Hebrew | hebrew_general_ci | 1 |
| tis620 | TIS620 Thai | tis620_thai_ci | 1 |
| euckr | EUC-KR Korean | euckr_korean_ci | 2 |
| koi8u | KOI8-U Ukrainian | koi8u_general_ci | 1 |
| gb2312 | GB2312 Simplified Chinese | gb2312_chinese_ci | 2 |
| greek | ISO 8859-7 Greek | greek_general_ci | 1 |
| cp1250 | Windows Central European | cp1250_general_ci | 1 |
| gbk | GBK Simplified Chinese | gbk_chinese_ci | 2 |
| latin5 | ISO 8859-9 Turkish | latin5_turkish_ci | 1 |
| armscii8 | ARMSCII-8 Armenian | armscii8_general_ci | 1 |
| utf8 | UTF-8 Unicode | utf8_general_ci | 3 |
| ucs2 | UCS-2 Unicode | ucs2_general_ci | 2 |
| cp866 | DOS Russian | cp866_general_ci | 1 |
| keybcs2 | DOS Kamenicky Czech-Slovak | keybcs2_general_ci | 1 |
| macce | Mac Central European | macce_general_ci | 1 |
| macroman | Mac West European | macroman_general_ci | 1 |
| cp852 | DOS Central European | cp852_general_ci | 1 |
| latin7 | ISO 8859-13 Baltic | latin7_general_ci | 1 |
| utf8mb4 | UTF-8 Unicode | utf8mb4_general_ci | 4 |
| cp1251 | Windows Cyrillic | cp1251_general_ci | 1 |
| utf16 | UTF-16 Unicode | utf16_general_ci | 4 |
| utf16le | UTF-16LE Unicode | utf16le_general_ci | 4 |
| cp1256 | Windows Arabic | cp1256_general_ci | 1 |
| cp1257 | Windows Baltic | cp1257_general_ci | 1 |
| utf32 | UTF-32 Unicode | utf32_general_ci | 4 |
| binary | Binary pseudo charset | binary | 1 |
| geostd8 | GEOSTD8 Georgian | geostd8_general_ci | 1 |
| cp932 | SJIS for Windows Japanese | cp932_japanese_ci | 2 |
| eucjpms | UJIS for Windows Japanese | eucjpms_japanese_ci | 3 |
| gb18030 | China National Standard GB18030 | gb18030_chinese_ci | 4 |
+----------+---------------------------------+---------------------+--------+
41 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> SHOW ENGINES; //查看当前数据库支持的所有存储引擎
+--------------------+---------+----------------------------------------------------------------+--------------+------+------------+
| Engine | Support | Comment | Transactions | XA | Savepoints |
+--------------------+---------+----------------------------------------------------------------+--------------+------+------------+
| InnoDB | DEFAULT | Supports transactions, row-level locking, and foreign keys | YES | YES | YES |
| MRG_MYISAM | YES | Collection of identical MyISAM tables | NO | NO | NO |
| MEMORY | YES | Hash based, stored in memory, useful for temporary tables | NO | NO | NO |
| BLACKHOLE | YES | /dev/null storage engine (anything you write to it disappears) | NO | NO | NO |
| MyISAM | YES | MyISAM storage engine | NO | NO | NO |
| CSV | YES | CSV storage engine | NO | NO | NO |
| ARCHIVE | YES | Archive storage engine | NO | NO | NO |
| PERFORMANCE_SCHEMA | YES | Performance Schema | NO | NO | NO |
| FEDERATED | NO | Federated MySQL storage engine | NULL | NULL | NULL |
+--------------------+---------+----------------------------------------------------------------+--------------+------+------------+
9 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> SHOW DATABASES; //查看数据库信息
+--------------------+
| Database |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| dnp |
| mysql |
| performance_schema |
| sys |
| test |
+--------------------+
6 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> SHOW TABLES FROM dnp; //不进入某数据库而列出其包含的所有表
+----------------------+
| Tables_in_wangqingge |
+----------------------+
| dnp |
+----------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
//查看表结构
//语法：DESC [db_name.]table_name;
+-------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+-------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| id | int(11) | NO | | NULL | |
| name | varchar(100) | NO | | NULL | |
| age | tinyint(4) | YES | | NULL | |
+-------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
3 rows in set (0.03 sec)
//查看某表的创建命令
//语法：SHOW CREATE TABLE table_name;
mysql> SHOW CREATE TABLE dnp.DNP;
+----------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Table | Create Table |
+----------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| wangqing | CREATE TABLE `wangqing` (
`id` int(11) NOT NULL,
`name` varchar(100) NOT NULL,
`age` tinyint(4) DEFAULT NULL
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=latin1 |
+----------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
//查看某表的状态
//语法：SHOW TABLE STATUS LIKE 'table_name'\G
mysql> use DNP; //进入数据库DNP
Database changed
mysql> SHOW TABLE STATUS LIKE 'dnp'\G //查看dnp表的状态
*************************** 1. row ***************************
Name: wangqing
Engine: InnoDB
Version: 10
Row_format: Dynamic
Rows: 0
Avg_row_length: 0
Data_length: 16384
Max_data_length: 0
Index_length: 0
Data_free: 0
Auto_increment: NULL
Create_time: 2022-07-25 00:16:21
Update_time: NULL
Check_time: NULL
Collation: latin1_swedish_ci
Checksum: NULL
Create_options:
Comment:
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
4.1.5 获取帮助
//获取命令使用帮助
//语法：HELP keyword;
mysql> HELP CREATE TABLE; //获取创建表的帮助
Name: 'CREATE TABLE'
Description:
Syntax:
CREATE [TEMPORARY] TABLE [IF NOT EXISTS] tbl_name
(create_definition,...)
[table_options]
[partition_options]
CREATE [TEMPORARY] TABLE [IF NOT EXISTS] tbl_name
[(create_definition,...)]
[table_options]
[partition_options]
[IGNORE | REPLACE]
[AS] query_expression
......
......
MySQL
数据类型
- MySQL中定义数据字段的类型对数据库的优化是非常重要的。MySQL支持多种类型，大致可以分为三类：数值、日期/时间和字符串(字符)类型。
数值类型
-
MySQL支持所有标准SQL数值数据类型。这些类型包括严格数值数据类型(INTEGER、SMALLINT、DECIMAL和NUMERIC)，以及近似数值数据类型(FLOAT、REAL和DOUBLE PRECISION)。
-
关键字INT是INTEGER的同义词，关键字DEC是DECIMAL的同义词。BIT数据类型保存位字段值，并且支持MyISAM、MEMORY、InnoDB和BDB表。作为SQL标准的扩展，MySQL也支持整数类型TINYINT、MEDIUMINT和BIGINT。下面的表显示了需要的每个整数类型的存储和范围
| 类型 | 大小 | 范围（无符号） | 用途 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| TINYINT | 1 byte | 范围（有符号） | (0，255) | 小整数值 |
| SMALLINT | 2 bytes | (-128，127) | (0，65 535) | 大整数值 |
| MEDIUMINT | 3 bytes | (-32 768，32 767) | (0，16 777 215) | 大整数值 |
| INT或INTEGER | 4 bytes | (-8 388 608，8 388 607) | (0，4 294 967 295) | 大整数值 |
| BIGINT | 8 bytes | (-2 147 483 648，2 147 483 647) | (0，18 446 744 073 709 551 615) | 极大整数值 |
| FLOAT | 4 bytes | (-9,223,372,036,854,775,808，9 223 372 036 854 775 807) | 0，(1.175 494 351 E-38，3.402 823 466 E+38) | 单精度 浮点数值 |
| DOUBLE | 8 bytes | (-3.402 823 466 E+38，-1.175 494 351 E-38)，0，(1.175 494 351 E-38，3.402 823 466 351 E+38) | 0，(2.225 073 858 507 201 4 E-308，1.797 693 134 862 315 7 E+308) | 双精度 浮点数值 |
| DECIMAL | 对DECIMAL(M,D) ，如果M>D，为M+2否则为D+2 | (-1.797 693 134 862 315 7 E+308，-2.225 073 858 507 201 4 E-308)，0，(2.225 073 858 507 201 4 E-308，1.797 693 134 862 315 7 E+308) | 依赖于M和D的值 | 小数值 |
日期和时间类型
表示时间值的日期和时间类型为DATETIME、DATE、TIMESTAMP、TIME和YEAR。每个时间类型有一个有效值范围和一个"零"值，当指定不合法的MySQL不能表示的值时使用"零"值。TIMESTAMP类型有专有的自动更新特性，将在后面描述。
| 类型 | 大小( bytes) | 范围 | 格式 | 用途 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DATE | 3 | 1000-01-01/9999-12-31 | YYYY-MM-DD | 日期值 |
| TIME | 3 | ‘-838:59:59’/‘838:59:59’ | HH:MM:SS | 时间值或持续时间 |
| YEAR | 1 | 1901/2155 | YYYY | 年份值 |
| DATETIME | 8 | 1000-01-01 00:00:00/9999-12-31 23:59:59 | YYYY-MM-DD HH:MM:SS | 混合日期和时间值 |
| TIMESTAMP | 4 | 1970-01-01 00:00:00/2038 结束时间是第 2147483647 秒，北京时间 2038-1-19 11:14:07，格林尼治时间 2038年1月19日 凌晨 03:14:07 | YYYYMMDD HHMMSS | 混合日期和时间值，时间戳 |
字符串类型
字符串类型指CHAR、VARCHAR、BINARY、VARBINARY、BLOB、TEXT、ENUM和SET。该节描述了这些类型如何工作以及如何在查询中使用这些类型。
| CHAR | 大小 | 用途 |
|---|---|---|
| VARCHAR | 0-255 bytes | 定长字符串 |
| TINYBLOB | 0-65535 bytes | 变长字符串 |
| TINYTEXT | 0-255 bytes | 不超过 255 个字符的二进制字符串 |
| BLOB | 0-255 bytes | 短文本字符串 |
| TEXT | 0-65 535 bytes | 二进制形式的长文本数据 |
| MEDIUMBLOB | 0-65 535 bytes | 长文本数据 |
| MEDIUMTEXT | 0-16 777 215 bytes | 二进制形式的中等长度文本数据 |
| LONGBLOB | 0-16 777 215 bytes | 中等长度文本数据 |
| LONGTEXT | 0-4 294 967 295 bytes | 二进制形式的极大文本数据 |
| 0-4 294 967 295 bytes | 极大文本数据 |
注意：char(n) 和 varchar(n) 中括号中 n 代表字符的个数，并不代表字节个数，比如 CHAR(30) 就可以存储 30 个字符。
CHAR 和 VARCHAR 类型类似，但它们保存和检索的方式不同。它们的最大长度和是否尾部空格被保留等方面也不同。在存储或检索过程中不进行大小写转换。
BINARY 和 VARBINARY 类似于 CHAR 和 VARCHAR，不同的是它们包含二进制字符串而不要非二进制字符串。也就是说，它们包含字节字符串而不是字符字符串。这说明它们没有字符集，并且排序和比较基于列值字节的数值值。
BLOB 是一个二进制大对象，可以容纳可变数量的数据。有 4 种 BLOB 类型：TINYBLOB、BLOB、MEDIUMBLOB 和 LONGBLOB。它们区别在于可容纳存储范围不同。
有 4 种 TEXT 类型：TINYTEXT、TEXT、MEDIUMTEXT 和 LONGTEXT。对应的这 4 种 BLOB 类型，可存储的最大长度不同，可根据实际情况选择。
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