MySQL基础

MySQL基础

1.关系型数据库介绍

1.1 数据结构模型

数据结构模型主要有:

  • 层次模型
  • 网状结构
  • 关系模型

关系模型:
二维关系:row,column

数据库管理系统:DBMS
关系:Relational,RDBMS

1.2常见的关系型数据库

  • MySQL:MySQL,MariaDB,Percona-Sever
  • PostgreSQL:简称为pgsql
  • Oracle
  • MSSQL

**SQL:**Structure Query Language,结构化查询语言

**约束:**constraint,向数据表提供的数据要遵守的限制

  • 主键约束:一个或多个字段的组合,填入的数据必须能在本表中唯一标识本行。且必须提供数据,不能为空(NOT NULL)。
    • 一个表只能存在一个
  • 惟一键约束:一个或多个字段的组合,填入的数据必须能在本表中唯一标识本行。允许为空(NULL)
    • 一个表可以存在多个
  • 外键约束:一个表中的某字段可填入数据取决于另一个表的主键已有的数据
  • 检查性约束

**索引:**将表中的一个或多个字段中的数据复制一份另存,并且这些数据需要按特定次序排序存储

1.3 关系型数据库的常见组件

关系型数据库的常见组件有:

  • 数据库:database
  • 表:table,由行(row)和列(column)组成
  • 索引:index
  • 视图:view
  • 用户:user
  • 权限:privilege
  • 存储过程:procedure
  • 存储函数:function
  • 触发器:trigger
  • 事件调度器:event scheduler

1.4 SQL语句

SQL语句有三种类型:

  • DDL:Data Defination Language,数据定义语言
  • DML:Data Manipulation Language,数据操纵语言
  • DCL:Data Control Language,数据控制语言
SQL语句类型对应操作
DDLCREATE:创建 DROP:删除 ALTER:修改
DMLINSERT:向表中插入数据 DELETE:删除表中数据 UPDATE:更新表中数据 SELECT:查询表中数据
DCLGRANT:授权 REVOKE:移除授权

2. mysql安装与配置

2.1 mysql安装

mysql安装方式有三种:

  • 源代码:编译安装
  • 二进制格式的程序包:展开至特定路径,并经过简单配置后即可使用
  • 程序包管理器管理的程序包:
    • rpm:有两种
      • OS Vendor:操作系统发行商提供的
      • 项目官方提供的
    • deb

2.2 mysql配置

[root@localhost ~]# wget https://repo.mysql.com/mysql57-community-release-el7-10.noarch.rpm
2022-07-25 14:33:09 (12.7 KB/s) - 'mysql57-community-release-el710.noarch.rpm' saved [25548/25548]
[root@localhost ~]# ls
myblog.html  mysql57-community-release-el7-10.noarch.rpm

//安装下载完成的文件
[root@localhost ~]# rpm -ivh mysql57-community-release-el7-10.noarch.rpm
warning: mysql57-community-release-el7-10.noarch.rpm: Header V3 DSA/SHA1 Signature, key ID 5072e1f5: NOKEY
Verifying...                          ################################# [100%]
Preparing...                          ################################# [100%]
        package mysql57-community-release-el7-10.noarch is already installed

随后分别下载(Index of /232905/yum/mysql-5.7-community/el/7)五个文件

[root@localhost ~]# wget http://repo.mysql.com/yum/mysql-5.7-community/el/7/x86_64/mysql-community-client-5.7.37-1.el7.x86_64.rpm

[root@localhost ~]# wget http://repo.mysql.com/yum/mysql-5.7-community/el/7/x86_64/mysql-community-common-5.7.37-1.el7.x86_64.rpm

[root@localhost ~]# wget http://repo.mysql.com/yum/mysql-5.7-community/el/7/x86_64/mysql-community-devel-5.7.37-1.el7.x86_64.rpm

[root@localhost ~]# wget http://repo.mysql.com/yum/mysql-5.7-community/el/7/x86_64/mysql-community-libs-5.7.37-1.el7.x86_64.rpm

[root@localhost ~]# wget http://repo.mysql.com/yum/mysql-5.7-community/el/7/x86_64/mysql-community-server-5.7.37-1.el7.x86_64.rpm

[root@localhost ~]# ls
mysql-community-client-5.7.37-1.el7.x86_64.rpm  mysql-community-libs-5.7.37-1.el7.x86_64.rpm
mysql-community-common-5.7.37-1.el7.x86_64.rpm  mysql-community-server-5.7.37-1.el7.x86_64.rpm
mysql-community-devel-5.7.37-1.el7.x86_64.rpm   mysql57-community-release-el7-10.noarch.rpm

安装

[root@localhost ~]# rm -f mysql57-community-release-el7-10.noarch.rpm
//删除没用的rpm包
[root@localhost ~]#rpm -e  mariadb-connector-c-config --nodeps
//删除原有的 mariadb 包
[root@localhost ~]# yum -y install *.rpm	//安装/root目录下的所有.rpm结尾的包

关闭防火墙等一系列程序

[root@localhost ~]# systemctl disable --now firewalld.service
Removed /etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/firewalld.service.
Removed /etc/systemd/system/dbus-org.fedoraproject.FirewallD1.service.
[root@localhost ~]# setenforce 0  //关闭setenforce
[root@localhost ~]# vim /etc/selinux//config  //永久关闭
[root@localhost ~]# cat /etc/selinux//config 

# This file controls the state of SELinux on the system.
# SELINUX= can take one of these three values:
#     enforcing - SELinux security policy is enforced.
#     permissive - SELinux prints warnings instead of enforcing.
#     disabled - No SELinux policy is loaded.
SELINUX=disabled    //更改此行   
# SELINUXTYPE= can take one of these three values:
#     targeted - Targeted processes are protected,
#     minimum - Modification of targeted policy. Only selected processes are protected. 
#     mls - Multi Level Security protection.
SELINUXTYPE=targeted

设置并开启开机自启服务

[root@localhost ~]# systemctl status mysqld
● mysqld.service - MySQL Server
   Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/mysqld.service; enabled; vendor preset: disabled)
   Active: inactive (dead)
     Docs: man:mysqld(8)
           http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/en/using-systemd.html
[root@localhost ~]# systemctl enable --now mysqld
[root@localhost ~]# systemctl status mysqld
● mysqld.service - MySQL Server
   Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/mysqld.service; enabled; vendor preset: disabled)
   Active: active (running) since Mon 2022-07-25 15:17:39 CST; 7s ago
     Docs: man:mysqld(8)
           http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/en/using-systemd.html
  Process: 74021 ExecStart=/usr/sbin/mysqld --daemonize --pid-file=/var/run/mysqld/mysqld.pid $M>
  Process: 73641 ExecStartPre=/usr/bin/mysqld_pre_systemd (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS)
 Main PID: 74023 (mysqld)
    Tasks: 27 (limit: 49262)
 Memory: 303.7M
   CGroup: /system.slice/mysqld.service
           └─74023 /usr/sbin/mysqld --daemonize --pid-file=/var/run/mysqld/mysqld.pid


Jul 25 15:17:32 localhost.localdomain systemd[1]: Starting MySQL Server...
Jul 25 15:17:39 localhost.localdomain systemd[1]: Started MySQL Server.


查看端口

[root@localhost ~]# ss -antl
State      Recv-Q     Send-Q         Local Address:Port         Peer Address:Port    Process     
LISTEN     0          128                  0.0.0.0:22                0.0.0.0:*                   
LISTEN     0          128                     [::]:22                   [::]:*                   
LISTEN     0          80                         *:3306                    *:*   

进入设置临时密码并更改为永久密码

[root@localhost ~]# grep "password" /var/log/mysqld.log
2022-07-25T07:17:34.034454Z 1 [Note] A temporary password is generated for root@localhost: GJoEqpJhT6_+
[root@localhost ~]# mysql -p'GJoEqpJhT6_+'
mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.
Welcome to the MySQL monitor.  Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MySQL connection id is 3
Server version: 5.7.37

Copyright (c) 2000, 2022, Oracle and/or its affiliates.

Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its
affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective
owners.

Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.

mysql>  //进来之后第一件事是更改之前的密码
mysql> set global validate_password_policy=0; //将设置密码的复杂性设为最低
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> set global validate_password_length=1;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> set password = password('Dnp123456.');
Query OK, 0 rows affected, 1 warning (0.00 sec)

mysql> quit  //更改完成之后退出测试密码是否更改成功
Bye

[root@localhost ~]# mysql -uroot -pDnp123456.
mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.
Welcome to the MySQL monitor.  Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MySQL connection id is 5
Server version: 5.7.37 MySQL Community Server (GPL)

Copyright (c) 2000, 2022, Oracle and/or its affiliates.

Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its
affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective
owners.

Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.

mysql> 
//能够再次进入说明没有问题

删除前面所安装的mysql57-community-release。

[root@localhost ~]# rpm -e mysql57-community-release

3. mysql的程序组成

  • 客户端
    • mysql:CLI交互式客户端程序
    • mysql_secure_installation:安全初始化,强烈建议安装完以后执行此命令
    • mysqldump:mysql备份工具
    • mysqladmin
  • 服务器端
    • mysqld

3.1 mysql工具使用

//语法:mysql [OPTIONS] [database]
//常用的OPTIONS:
    -uUSERNAME      //指定用户名,默认为root
    -hHOST          //指定服务器主机,默认为localhost,推荐使用ip地址
    -pPASSWORD      //指定用户的密码
    -P#             //指定数据库监听的端口,这里的#需用实际的端口号代替,如-P3307
    -V              //查看当前使用的mysql版本
    -e          //不登录mysql执行sql语句后退出,常用于脚本

随后进入mysql数据库创建一个表格测试

[root@localhost ~]# rpm -e mysql57-community-release
[root@localhost ~]# mysql -uroot -pDnp123456.
mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.
Welcome to the MySQL monitor.  Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MySQL connection id is 6
Server version: 5.7.37 MySQL Community Server (GPL)

Copyright (c) 2000, 2022, Oracle and/or its affiliates.

Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its
affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective
owners.

Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.

mysql> GRANT ALL ON *.* TO 'root'@'192.168.48.1' IDENTIFIED BY 'Dnp123456.';
Query OK, 0 rows affected, 1 warning (0.00 sec)

mysql> create database test;    //创建一个test的数据库
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> show databases;
+--------------------+
| Database           |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| mysql              |
| performance_schema |
| sys                |
| test               |
+--------------------+
5 rows in set (0.01 sec)

mysql> quit
Bye

3.2 服务器监听的两种socket地址

socket类型说明
ip socket默认监听在tcp的3306端口,支持远程通信
unix sock监听在sock文件上(/tmp/mysql.sock,/var/lib/mysql/mysql.sock) 仅支持本地通信 server地址只能是:localhost,127.0.0.1

4. mysql数据库操作

4.1 DDL操作

4.1.1 数据库操作
//创建数据库
//语法:CREATE DATABASE [IF NOT EXISTS] 'DB_NAME';
//创建数据库dnp
mysql> CREATE DATABASE IF NOT EXISTS dnp;
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> SHOW DATABASES;
+--------------------+
| Database           |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| dnp                |
| mysql              |
| performance_schema |
| sys                |
| test               |
+--------------------+
6 rows in set (0.00 sec)

//删除数据库
//语法:DROP DATABASE [IF EXISTS] 'DB_NAME';
//删除数据库dnp
mysql> DROP DATABASE IF EXISTS dnp;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> SHOW DATABASES;
+--------------------+
| Database           |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| mysql              |
| performance_schema |
| sys                |
| test               |
+--------------------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> 

4.1.2 表操作
//创建表
//语法:CREATE TABLE table_name (col1 datatype 修饰符,col2 datatype 修饰符) ENGINE='存储引擎类型';
//在数据库dnp里创建表DNP
mysql> CREATE DATABASE dnp;
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> use dnp;
Database changed
mysql> CREATE TABLE DNP (id int NOT NULL,name VARCHAR(100) NOT NULL,age tinyint);
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.04 sec)

mysql> SHOW TABLES;
+---------------+
| Tables_in_dnp |
+---------------+
| DNP           |
+---------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

//删除表
//语法:DROP TABLE [ IF EXISTS ] 'table_name';
//删除表DNP
mysql> DROP TABLE DNP;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> SHOW TABLES;
Empty set (0.00 sec)

4.1.3 用户操作

mysql用户帐号由两部分组成,如’USERNAME’@‘HOST’,表示此USERNAME只能从此HOST上远程登录

这里(‘USERNAME’@‘HOST’)的HOST用于限制此用户可通过哪些主机远程连接mysql程序,其值可为:

  • IP地址,如:192.168.48.137
  • 通配符
    • %:匹配任意长度的任意字符,常用于设置允许从任何主机登录
    • _:匹配任意单个字符
//数据库用户创建
//语法:CREATE USER 'username'@'host' [IDENTIFIED BY 'password'];
//创建数据库用户sia
mysql> CREATE USER 'sia'@'127.0.0.1' IDENTIFIED BY 'sia123!';
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

//删除数据库用户
//语法:DROP USER 'username'@'host'; 
mysql> DROP USER 'sia'@'127.0.0.1';
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
4.1.4 查看命令SHOW
mysql> SHOW CHARACTER SET;   //查看支持的所有字符集
+----------+---------------------------------+---------------------+--------+
| Charset  | Description                     | Default collation   | Maxlen |
+----------+---------------------------------+---------------------+--------+
| big5     | Big5 Traditional Chinese        | big5_chinese_ci     |      2 |
| dec8     | DEC West European               | dec8_swedish_ci     |      1 |
| cp850    | DOS West European               | cp850_general_ci    |      1 |
| hp8      | HP West European                | hp8_english_ci      |      1 |
| koi8r    | KOI8-R Relcom Russian           | koi8r_general_ci    |      1 |
| latin1   | cp1252 West European            | latin1_swedish_ci   |      1 |
| latin2   | ISO 8859-2 Central European     | latin2_general_ci   |      1 |
| swe7     | 7bit Swedish                    | swe7_swedish_ci     |      1 |
| ascii    | US ASCII                        | ascii_general_ci    |      1 |
| ujis     | EUC-JP Japanese                 | ujis_japanese_ci    |      3 |
| sjis     | Shift-JIS Japanese              | sjis_japanese_ci    |      2 |
| hebrew   | ISO 8859-8 Hebrew               | hebrew_general_ci   |      1 |
| tis620   | TIS620 Thai                     | tis620_thai_ci      |      1 |
| euckr    | EUC-KR Korean                   | euckr_korean_ci     |      2 |
| koi8u    | KOI8-U Ukrainian                | koi8u_general_ci    |      1 |
| gb2312   | GB2312 Simplified Chinese       | gb2312_chinese_ci   |      2 |
| greek    | ISO 8859-7 Greek                | greek_general_ci    |      1 |
| cp1250   | Windows Central European        | cp1250_general_ci   |      1 |
| gbk      | GBK Simplified Chinese          | gbk_chinese_ci      |      2 |
| latin5   | ISO 8859-9 Turkish              | latin5_turkish_ci   |      1 |
| armscii8 | ARMSCII-8 Armenian              | armscii8_general_ci |      1 |
| utf8     | UTF-8 Unicode                   | utf8_general_ci     |      3 |
| ucs2     | UCS-2 Unicode                   | ucs2_general_ci     |      2 |
| cp866    | DOS Russian                     | cp866_general_ci    |      1 |
| keybcs2  | DOS Kamenicky Czech-Slovak      | keybcs2_general_ci  |      1 |
| macce    | Mac Central European            | macce_general_ci    |      1 |
| macroman | Mac West European               | macroman_general_ci |      1 |
| cp852    | DOS Central European            | cp852_general_ci    |      1 |
| latin7   | ISO 8859-13 Baltic              | latin7_general_ci   |      1 |
| utf8mb4  | UTF-8 Unicode                   | utf8mb4_general_ci  |      4 |
| cp1251   | Windows Cyrillic                | cp1251_general_ci   |      1 |
| utf16    | UTF-16 Unicode                  | utf16_general_ci    |      4 |
| utf16le  | UTF-16LE Unicode                | utf16le_general_ci  |      4 |
| cp1256   | Windows Arabic                  | cp1256_general_ci   |      1 |
| cp1257   | Windows Baltic                  | cp1257_general_ci   |      1 |
| utf32    | UTF-32 Unicode                  | utf32_general_ci    |      4 |
| binary   | Binary pseudo charset           | binary              |      1 |
| geostd8  | GEOSTD8 Georgian                | geostd8_general_ci  |      1 |
| cp932    | SJIS for Windows Japanese       | cp932_japanese_ci   |      2 |
| eucjpms  | UJIS for Windows Japanese       | eucjpms_japanese_ci |      3 |
| gb18030  | China National Standard GB18030 | gb18030_chinese_ci  |      4 |
+----------+---------------------------------+---------------------+--------+
41 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> SHOW ENGINES;  //查看当前数据库支持的所有存储引擎
+--------------------+---------+----------------------------------------------------------------+--------------+------+------------+
| Engine             | Support | Comment                                                        | Transactions | XA   | Savepoints |
+--------------------+---------+----------------------------------------------------------------+--------------+------+------------+
| InnoDB             | DEFAULT | Supports transactions, row-level locking, and foreign keys     | YES          | YES  | YES        |
| MRG_MYISAM         | YES     | Collection of identical MyISAM tables                          | NO           | NO   | NO         |
| MEMORY             | YES     | Hash based, stored in memory, useful for temporary tables      | NO           | NO   | NO         |
| BLACKHOLE          | YES     | /dev/null storage engine (anything you write to it disappears) | NO           | NO   | NO         |
| MyISAM             | YES     | MyISAM storage engine                                          | NO           | NO   | NO         |
| CSV                | YES     | CSV storage engine                                             | NO           | NO   | NO         |
| ARCHIVE            | YES     | Archive storage engine                                         | NO           | NO   | NO         |
| PERFORMANCE_SCHEMA | YES     | Performance Schema                                             | NO           | NO   | NO         |
| FEDERATED          | NO      | Federated MySQL storage engine                                 | NULL         | NULL | NULL       |
+--------------------+---------+----------------------------------------------------------------+--------------+------+------------+
9 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> SHOW DATABASES;   //查看数据库信息
+--------------------+
| Database           |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| dnp                |
| mysql              |
| performance_schema |
| sys                |
| test               |
+--------------------+
6 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> SHOW TABLES FROM dnp;         //不进入某数据库而列出其包含的所有表
+----------------------+
| Tables_in_wangqingge |
+----------------------+
| dnp            |
+----------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

//查看表结构
//语法:DESC [db_name.]table_name;
+-------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type         | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+-------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| id    | int(11)      | NO   |     | NULL    |       |
| name  | varchar(100) | NO   |     | NULL    |       |
| age   | tinyint(4)   | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
+-------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
3 rows in set (0.03 sec)

//查看某表的创建命令
//语法:SHOW CREATE TABLE table_name;
mysql> SHOW CREATE TABLE dnp.DNP;
+----------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Table    | Create Table                                                                                                                                              |
+----------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| wangqing | CREATE TABLE `wangqing` (
  `id` int(11) NOT NULL,
  `name` varchar(100) NOT NULL,
  `age` tinyint(4) DEFAULT NULL
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=latin1 |
+----------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
//查看某表的状态
//语法:SHOW TABLE STATUS LIKE 'table_name'\G
mysql> use DNP;      //进入数据库DNP
Database changed
mysql> SHOW TABLE STATUS LIKE 'dnp'\G      //查看dnp表的状态
*************************** 1. row ***************************
           Name: wangqing
         Engine: InnoDB
        Version: 10
     Row_format: Dynamic
           Rows: 0
 Avg_row_length: 0
    Data_length: 16384
Max_data_length: 0
   Index_length: 0
      Data_free: 0
 Auto_increment: NULL
    Create_time: 2022-07-25 00:16:21
    Update_time: NULL
     Check_time: NULL
      Collation: latin1_swedish_ci
       Checksum: NULL
 Create_options:
        Comment:
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
4.1.5 获取帮助
//获取命令使用帮助
//语法:HELP keyword;
mysql> HELP CREATE TABLE;       //获取创建表的帮助
Name: 'CREATE TABLE'
Description:
Syntax:
CREATE [TEMPORARY] TABLE [IF NOT EXISTS] tbl_name
    (create_definition,...)
    [table_options]
    [partition_options]

CREATE [TEMPORARY] TABLE [IF NOT EXISTS] tbl_name
    [(create_definition,...)]
    [table_options]
    [partition_options]
    [IGNORE | REPLACE]
    [AS] query_expression
 ......
 ......

MySQL

数据类型

  • MySQL中定义数据字段的类型对数据库的优化是非常重要的。MySQL支持多种类型,大致可以分为三类:数值、日期/时间和字符串(字符)类型。

数值类型

  • MySQL支持所有标准SQL数值数据类型。这些类型包括严格数值数据类型(INTEGER、SMALLINT、DECIMAL和NUMERIC),以及近似数值数据类型(FLOAT、REAL和DOUBLE PRECISION)。

  • 关键字INT是INTEGER的同义词,关键字DEC是DECIMAL的同义词。BIT数据类型保存位字段值,并且支持MyISAM、MEMORY、InnoDB和BDB表。作为SQL标准的扩展,MySQL也支持整数类型TINYINT、MEDIUMINT和BIGINT。下面的表显示了需要的每个整数类型的存储和范围

类型大小范围(无符号)用途
TINYINT1 byte范围(有符号)(0,255)小整数值
SMALLINT2 bytes(-128,127)(0,65 535)大整数值
MEDIUMINT3 bytes(-32 768,32 767)(0,16 777 215)大整数值
INT或INTEGER4 bytes(-8 388 608,8 388 607)(0,4 294 967 295)大整数值
BIGINT8 bytes(-2 147 483 648,2 147 483 647)(0,18 446 744 073 709 551 615)极大整数值
FLOAT4 bytes(-9,223,372,036,854,775,808,9 223 372 036 854 775 807)0,(1.175 494 351 E-38,3.402 823 466 E+38)单精度 浮点数值
DOUBLE8 bytes(-3.402 823 466 E+38,-1.175 494 351 E-38),0,(1.175 494 351 E-38,3.402 823 466 351 E+38)0,(2.225 073 858 507 201 4 E-308,1.797 693 134 862 315 7 E+308)双精度 浮点数值
DECIMAL对DECIMAL(M,D) ,如果M>D,为M+2否则为D+2(-1.797 693 134 862 315 7 E+308,-2.225 073 858 507 201 4 E-308),0,(2.225 073 858 507 201 4 E-308,1.797 693 134 862 315 7 E+308)依赖于M和D的值小数值

日期和时间类型

表示时间值的日期和时间类型为DATETIME、DATE、TIMESTAMP、TIME和YEAR。每个时间类型有一个有效值范围和一个"零"值,当指定不合法的MySQL不能表示的值时使用"零"值。TIMESTAMP类型有专有的自动更新特性,将在后面描述。

类型大小( bytes)范围格式用途
DATE31000-01-01/9999-12-31YYYY-MM-DD日期值
TIME3‘-838:59:59’/‘838:59:59’HH:MM:SS时间值或持续时间
YEAR11901/2155YYYY年份值
DATETIME81000-01-01 00:00:00/9999-12-31 23:59:59YYYY-MM-DD HH:MM:SS混合日期和时间值
TIMESTAMP41970-01-01 00:00:00/2038 结束时间是第 2147483647 秒,北京时间 2038-1-19 11:14:07,格林尼治时间 2038年1月19日 凌晨 03:14:07YYYYMMDD HHMMSS混合日期和时间值,时间戳

字符串类型

字符串类型指CHAR、VARCHAR、BINARY、VARBINARY、BLOB、TEXT、ENUM和SET。该节描述了这些类型如何工作以及如何在查询中使用这些类型。

CHAR大小用途
VARCHAR0-255 bytes定长字符串
TINYBLOB0-65535 bytes变长字符串
TINYTEXT0-255 bytes不超过 255 个字符的二进制字符串
BLOB0-255 bytes短文本字符串
TEXT0-65 535 bytes二进制形式的长文本数据
MEDIUMBLOB0-65 535 bytes长文本数据
MEDIUMTEXT0-16 777 215 bytes二进制形式的中等长度文本数据
LONGBLOB0-16 777 215 bytes中等长度文本数据
LONGTEXT0-4 294 967 295 bytes二进制形式的极大文本数据
0-4 294 967 295 bytes极大文本数据

注意:char(n) 和 varchar(n) 中括号中 n 代表字符的个数,并不代表字节个数,比如 CHAR(30) 就可以存储 30 个字符。

CHAR 和 VARCHAR 类型类似,但它们保存和检索的方式不同。它们的最大长度和是否尾部空格被保留等方面也不同。在存储或检索过程中不进行大小写转换。

BINARY 和 VARBINARY 类似于 CHAR 和 VARCHAR,不同的是它们包含二进制字符串而不要非二进制字符串。也就是说,它们包含字节字符串而不是字符字符串。这说明它们没有字符集,并且排序和比较基于列值字节的数值值。

BLOB 是一个二进制大对象,可以容纳可变数量的数据。有 4 种 BLOB 类型:TINYBLOB、BLOB、MEDIUMBLOB 和 LONGBLOB。它们区别在于可容纳存储范围不同。

有 4 种 TEXT 类型:TINYTEXT、TEXT、MEDIUMTEXT 和 LONGTEXT。对应的这 4 种 BLOB 类型,可存储的最大长度不同,可根据实际情况选择。

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