前言
java8新增了很多新的特性,今天就跟大家聊一聊函数式编程。
所谓的函数式编程,就是为了简化java8之前的匿名方法,提高java8的可读性。当然,提供了一些方法,可以更简便的去过滤、汇总集合数据。
oracle官网上的what‘s new上列出的下面几点:
-
Lambda Expressions, a new language feature, has been introduced in this release. They enable you to treat functionality as a method argument, or code as data. Lambda expressions let you express instances of single-method interfaces (referred to as functional interfaces) more compactly.
(java8的一个新的语言特性,Lambda表达式,在这个版本已经发布。他们让你把一个函数或者代码当成参数。Lambda表达式让你更简洁的表达单方法的实例。)
-
Method references provide easy-to-read lambda expressions for methods that already have a name.
(方法引用为已命名的方法提供更易读的lambda表达式。)
-
Default methods enable new functionality to be added to the interfaces of libraries and ensure binary compatibility with code written for older versions of those interfaceshan.
(默认方法允许像接口添加新功能,并且能兼容老版本的代码)
正文
FunctionaInterface
@FunctionaInterface是一个注解,表明接口是一个函数接口,可以用于lambda表达式。
其实默认只有一个方法的接口都是函数接口。
接口内如果出了一个接口方法外,其余的都是默认方法,那么这个接口同样是函数接口
interface Car {
void run();
default void start(){
System.out.println("汽车默认的启动方法.");
}
}
上面这个接口也是函数接口。
- 函数式接口类型
- 提供类型 - Supplier
- 消费类型 - Consumer
- 转换类型 - Function<T,R>
- 断定类型 - Predicate
- 隐藏类型 - Action
五种函数接口类型
-
Supplier
对应没有入参,有返回值的匿名函数接口
。下面是java里的接口定义:
@FunctionalInterface public interface Supplier<T> { /** * Gets a result. * * @return a result */ T get(); }
no bb,show code.
public class SupplierDemo { public static void main(String[] args) { //getLongSupplier是把SupplierDemo的getLong方法抽象成一个变量 Supplier<Long> getLongSupplier = SupplierDemo::getLong; //Supplier.get():调用get方法,并返回getLong方法的返回值 System.out.println(getLongSupplier.get()); } private static Long getLong(){ return new Random().nextLong(); } }
其中 SupplierDemo::getLong 是java8的表示方法,这里可以理解成把getLong这个方法赋值给 getLongSupplier这个引用。
真实的方法调用发生在下面一行,当getLongSupplier.get(),才真正的调用方法。
- Consumer
对应有入参,没有返回值的函数接口
Consumer接口定义
@FunctionalInterface
public interface Consumer<T> {
/**
* Performs this operation on the given argument.
*
* @param t the input argument
*/
void accept(T t);
/**
* Returns a composed {@code Consumer} that performs, in sequence, this
* operation followed by the {@code after} operation. If performing either
* operation throws an exception, it is relayed to the caller of the
* composed operation. If performing this operation throws an exception,
* the {@code after} operation will not be performed.
*
* @param after the operation to perform after this operation
* @return a composed {@code Consumer} that performs in sequence this
* operation followed by the {@code after} operation
* @throws NullPointerException if {@code after} is null
*/
default Consumer<T> andThen(Consumer<? super T> after) {
Objects.requireNonNull(after);
return (T t) -> { accept(t); after.accept(t); };
}
}
public class ConsumerDemo {
public static void main(String[] args) {
//抽象print函数
Consumer<String> print = System.out::println;
print.accept("print:Hello,World!");
Consumer<String> print2 = System.out::println;
print2.accept("print2:Hello,World");
print.andThen(print2).accept("addThen:Hello,World");
}
}
这里把System.out的println函数赋值给print这个方法指针。具体的方法调用发生在accept方法调用的时候。
addThen方法可以把多个Consumer串联启来。
print.andThen(print2).accept(“addThen:Hello,World”)执行的时候,先调用print,然后再调用print2.
- Function<T,R>
对应有入参也有返回值的的函数接口
@FunctionalInterface
public interface Function<T, R> {
/**
* Applies this function to the given argument.
*
* @param t the function argument
* @return the function result
*/
R apply(T t);
/**
* Returns a composed function that first applies the {@code before}
* function to its input, and then applies this function to the result.
* If evaluation of either function throws an exception, it is relayed to
* the caller of the composed function.
*
* @param <V> the type of input to the {@code before} function, and to the
* composed function
* @param before the function to apply before this function is applied
* @return a composed function that first applies the {@code before}
* function and then applies this function
* @throws NullPointerException if before is null
*
* @see #andThen(Function)
*/
default <V> Function<V, R> compose(Function<? super V, ? extends T> before) {
Objects.requireNonNull(before);
return (V v) -> apply(before.apply(v));
}
/**
* Returns a composed function that first applies this function to
* its input, and then applies the {@code after} function to the result.
* If evaluation of either function throws an exception, it is relayed to
* the caller of the composed function.
*
* @param <V> the type of output of the {@code after} function, and of the
* composed function
* @param after the function to apply after this function is applied
* @return a composed function that first applies this function and then
* applies the {@code after} function
* @throws NullPointerException if after is null
*
* @see #compose(Function)
*/
default <V> Function<T, V> andThen(Function<? super R, ? extends V> after) {
Objects.requireNonNull(after);
return (T t) -> after.apply(apply(t));
}
/**
* Returns a function that always returns its input argument.
*
* @param <T> the type of the input and output objects to the function
* @return a function that always returns its input argument
*/
static <T> Function<T, T> identity() {
return t -> t;
}
}
compose和addThen都是编排Function实例,
functionA.compose(functionB):表示先调用functionB,然后再调用functionA。
functionA。addThen(functionB):表示小调用functionAl,然后再调用functionB.
public class FunctionDemo {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Function<String,Long> stringToLong = Long::valueOf;
System.out.println(stringToLong.apply("1"));
Function<Long,String> longToString = String::valueOf;
System.out.println(longToString.apply(1L));
// "1" -> 1L -> "1"
System.out.println(longToString.compose(stringToLong).apply("1"));
// lL -> "1" -> 1L
System.out.println(longToString.andThen(stringToLong).apply(1L));
}
}
- Action
隐藏类型:对应没有入参,也没有返回值的函数方法
public class ActionDemo {
public static void main(String[] args) {
//匿名内部类
Runnable runnable = new Runnable() {
@Override
public void run() {
System.out.println("execute run.");
}
};
//函数式编程
Runnable runnable1 = () -> {
System.out.println("lamdba execute run.");
};
}
}
- 断言类型
主要是用来做过滤用的函数接口
@FunctionalInterface
public interface Predicate<T> {
/**
* Evaluates this predicate on the given argument.
*
* @param t the input argument
* @return {@code true} if the input argument matches the predicate,
* otherwise {@code false}
*/
boolean test(T t);
/**
* Returns a composed predicate that represents a short-circuiting logical
* AND of this predicate and another. When evaluating the composed
* predicate, if this predicate is {@code false}, then the {@code other}
* predicate is not evaluated.
*
* <p>Any exceptions thrown during evaluation of either predicate are relayed
* to the caller; if evaluation of this predicate throws an exception, the
* {@code other} predicate will not be evaluated.
*
* @param other a predicate that will be logically-ANDed with this
* predicate
* @return a composed predicate that represents the short-circuiting logical
* AND of this predicate and the {@code other} predicate
* @throws NullPointerException if other is null
*/
default Predicate<T> and(Predicate<? super T> other) {
Objects.requireNonNull(other);
return (t) -> test(t) && other.test(t);
}
/**
* Returns a predicate that represents the logical negation of this
* predicate.
*
* @return a predicate that represents the logical negation of this
* predicate
*/
default Predicate<T> negate() {
return (t) -> !test(t);
}
/**
* Returns a composed predicate that represents a short-circuiting logical
* OR of this predicate and another. When evaluating the composed
* predicate, if this predicate is {@code true}, then the {@code other}
* predicate is not evaluated.
*
* <p>Any exceptions thrown during evaluation of either predicate are relayed
* to the caller; if evaluation of this predicate throws an exception, the
* {@code other} predicate will not be evaluated.
*
* @param other a predicate that will be logically-ORed with this
* predicate
* @return a composed predicate that represents the short-circuiting logical
* OR of this predicate and the {@code other} predicate
* @throws NullPointerException if other is null
*/
default Predicate<T> or(Predicate<? super T> other) {
Objects.requireNonNull(other);
return (t) -> test(t) || other.test(t);
}
/**
* Returns a predicate that tests if two arguments are equal according
* to {@link Objects#equals(Object, Object)}.
*
* @param <T> the type of arguments to the predicate
* @param targetRef the object reference with which to compare for equality,
* which may be {@code null}
* @return a predicate that tests if two arguments are equal according
* to {@link Objects#equals(Object, Object)}
*/
static <T> Predicate<T> isEqual(Object targetRef) {
return (null == targetRef)
? Objects::isNull
: object -> targetRef.equals(object);
}
}
可以用来设计用来过滤的函数指针。
public class PredicatieDemo {
public static void main(String[] args) {
//把isDir实例化成一个方法指针
Predicate<File> perdicate = PredicatieDemo::isDir;
//调用test判断一个文件是否为目录
System.out.println(perdicate.test(new File("D:\\text.txt")));
}
public static boolean isDir(File file){
return file.isDirectory();
}
}
小结
函数式接口有五种,对应匿名函数里的不同方法。
Supplier对应 没有入参,有返回值的函数。
Consumer对应 有入参,没有返回值的函数。
Function对应有入参,有返回值的函数。
Action对应没有入参,没有返回值的函数。
Predicate可以用来做断言的方法指针。