Spring Boot Security使用 JDBC 和 MySQL 进行 RBAC，自定义登录验证，登录界面增加kaptcha验证码

 在本教程中，我将指导您如何编写代码，以使用具有基于表单的身份验证的Spring安全API来保护Spring Boot应用程序中的网页。用户详细信息存储在MySQL数据库中，并使用春季JDBC连接到数据库。我们将从本教程中的 ProductManager 项目开始，向现有的弹簧启动项目添加登录和注销功能。

1. 创建用户表和虚拟凭据

凭据应存储在数据库中，因此让我们创建新表，表间关系ER图如下：

-- --------------------------------------------------------
-- 主机:                           127.0.0.1
-- 服务器版本:                        8.0.22 - MySQL Community Server - GPL
-- 服务器操作系统:                      Win64
-- HeidiSQL 版本:                  12.1.0.6537
-- --------------------------------------------------------

/*!40101 SET @OLD_CHARACTER_SET_CLIENT=@@CHARACTER_SET_CLIENT */;
/*!40101 SET NAMES utf8 */;
/*!50503 SET NAMES utf8mb4 */;
/*!40103 SET @OLD_TIME_ZONE=@@TIME_ZONE */;
/*!40103 SET TIME_ZONE='+00:00' */;
/*!40014 SET @OLD_FOREIGN_KEY_CHECKS=@@FOREIGN_KEY_CHECKS, FOREIGN_KEY_CHECKS=0 */;
/*!40101 SET @OLD_SQL_MODE=@@SQL_MODE, SQL_MODE='NO_AUTO_VALUE_ON_ZERO' */;
/*!40111 SET @OLD_SQL_NOTES=@@SQL_NOTES, SQL_NOTES=0 */;


-- 导出 product3 的数据库结构
CREATE DATABASE IF NOT EXISTS `product3` /*!40100 DEFAULT CHARACTER SET utf8mb4 COLLATE utf8mb4_unicode_ci */ /*!80016 DEFAULT ENCRYPTION='N' */;
USE `product3`;

-- 导出  表 product3.permissions 结构
CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS `permissions` (
  `name` varchar(30) CHARACTER SET utf8mb4 COLLATE utf8mb4_unicode_ci NOT NULL,
  `description` varchar(255) CHARACTER SET utf8mb4 COLLATE utf8mb4_unicode_ci DEFAULT NULL,
  PRIMARY KEY (`name`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4 COLLATE=utf8mb4_unicode_ci;

-- 正在导出表  product3.permissions 的数据：~3 rows (大约)
INSERT INTO `permissions` (`name`, `description`) VALUES
	('ADMIN', NULL),
	('DELETE', 'delete'),
	('READ', 'read'),
	('WRITE', 'write');

-- 导出  表 product3.product 结构
CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS `product` (
  `id` bigint NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
  `brand` varchar(255) COLLATE utf8mb4_unicode_ci DEFAULT NULL,
  `madein` varchar(255) COLLATE utf8mb4_unicode_ci DEFAULT NULL,
  `name` varchar(255) COLLATE utf8mb4_unicode_ci DEFAULT NULL,
  `price` float NOT NULL,
  PRIMARY KEY (`id`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB AUTO_INCREMENT=3 DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4 COLLATE=utf8mb4_unicode_ci;

-- 正在导出表  product3.product 的数据：~1 rows (大约)
INSERT INTO `product` (`id`, `brand`, `madein`, `name`, `price`) VALUES
	(1, '666', '666', '数据库', 222);

-- 导出  表 product3.roles 结构
CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS `roles` (
  `name` varchar(20) CHARACTER SET utf8mb4 COLLATE utf8mb4_unicode_ci NOT NULL,
  `description` varchar(255) CHARACTER SET utf8mb4 COLLATE utf8mb4_unicode_ci DEFAULT NULL,
  PRIMARY KEY (`name`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4 COLLATE=utf8mb4_unicode_ci;

-- 正在导出表  product3.roles 的数据：~3 rows (大约)
INSERT INTO `roles` (`name`, `description`) VALUES
	('ADMIN', 'Administrator role'),
	('USER_P1', 'Perfil 1'),
	('USER_P2', 'Perfil 2');

-- 导出  表 product3.roles_permissions 结构
CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS `roles_permissions` (
  `role_name` varchar(20) CHARACTER SET utf8mb4 COLLATE utf8mb4_unicode_ci NOT NULL,
  `permission` varchar(30) CHARACTER SET utf8mb4 COLLATE utf8mb4_unicode_ci NOT NULL,
  PRIMARY KEY (`role_name`,`permission`),
  KEY `RP_1` (`role_name`),
  KEY `RP_2` (`permission`),
  CONSTRAINT `RP_1` FOREIGN KEY (`role_name`) REFERENCES `roles` (`name`),
  CONSTRAINT `RP_2` FOREIGN KEY (`permission`) REFERENCES `permissions` (`name`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4 COLLATE=utf8mb4_unicode_ci;

-- 正在导出表  product3.roles_permissions 的数据：~4 rows (大约)
INSERT INTO `roles_permissions` (`role_name`, `permission`) VALUES
	('ADMIN', 'ADMIN'),
	('ADMIN', 'DELETE'),
	('ADMIN', 'READ'),
	('ADMIN', 'WRITE'),
	('USER_P1', 'READ'),
	('USER_P2', 'DELETE'),
	('USER_P2', 'WRITE');

-- 导出  表 product3.users 结构
CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS `users` (
  `username` varchar(15) CHARACTER SET utf8mb4 COLLATE utf8mb4_unicode_ci NOT NULL,
  `email` varchar(100) CHARACTER SET utf8mb4 COLLATE utf8mb4_unicode_ci DEFAULT NULL,
  `name` varchar(65) CHARACTER SET utf8mb4 COLLATE utf8mb4_unicode_ci DEFAULT NULL,
  `password` varchar(255) CHARACTER SET utf8mb4 COLLATE utf8mb4_unicode_ci NOT NULL,
  `enabled` int DEFAULT NULL,
  PRIMARY KEY (`username`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4 COLLATE=utf8mb4_unicode_ci;

-- 正在导出表  product3.users 的数据：~3 rows (大约)
INSERT INTO `users` (`username`, `email`, `name`, `password`, `enabled`) VALUES
	('admin', 'admin@example.com', 'Administrator', '$2a$10$2/LSmp3YoEOT97KzgrYODen7I88ErBovM2Qehw9DL1dW9DZ7DZSAm', 1),
	('u1', 'u1@example.com', 'User P1', '$2a$10$2/LSmp3YoEOT97KzgrYODen7I88ErBovM2Qehw9DL1dW9DZ7DZSAm', 1),
	('u2', 'u2@example.com', 'User P2', '$2a$10$2/LSmp3YoEOT97KzgrYODen7I88ErBovM2Qehw9DL1dW9DZ7DZSAm', 1);

-- 导出  表 product3.users_roles 结构
CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS `users_roles` (
  `username` varchar(15) CHARACTER SET utf8mb4 COLLATE utf8mb4_unicode_ci NOT NULL,
  `role_name` varchar(20) CHARACTER SET utf8mb4 COLLATE utf8mb4_unicode_ci NOT NULL,
  PRIMARY KEY (`username`,`role_name`),
  KEY `UR_1` (`username`),
  KEY `UR_2` (`role_name`),
  CONSTRAINT `UR_1` FOREIGN KEY (`username`) REFERENCES `users` (`username`),
  CONSTRAINT `UR_2` FOREIGN KEY (`role_name`) REFERENCES `roles` (`name`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4 COLLATE=utf8mb4_unicode_ci;

-- 正在导出表  product3.users_roles 的数据：~0 rows (大约)
INSERT INTO `users_roles` (`username`, `role_name`) VALUES
	('admin', 'ADMIN'),
	('u1', 'USER_P1'),
	('u2', 'USER_P2');

/*!40103 SET TIME_ZONE=IFNULL(@OLD_TIME_ZONE, 'system') */;
/*!40101 SET SQL_MODE=IFNULL(@OLD_SQL_MODE, '') */;
/*!40014 SET FOREIGN_KEY_CHECKS=IFNULL(@OLD_FOREIGN_KEY_CHECKS, 1) */;
/*!40101 SET CHARACTER_SET_CLIENT=@OLD_CHARACTER_SET_CLIENT */;
/*!40111 SET SQL_NOTES=IFNULL(@OLD_SQL_NOTES, 1) */;

2. 配置数据源属性

接下来，在应用程序属性文件中指定数据库连接信息，如下所示：根据您的MySQL数据库更新URL，用户名和密码。

spring.jpa.hibernate.ddl-auto=update
spring.datasource.url=jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/product3?autoReconnect=true&useSSL=false&useUnicode=true&characterEncoding=UTF-8&serverTimezone=Asia/Shanghai
spring.datasource.username=root
spring.datasource.password=root
#logging.level.root=WARN

3. 声明弹簧安全性和 MySQL JDBC 驱动程序的依赖关系

要将Spring安全API用于项目，请在pom.xml文件中声明以下依赖项：并且要将JDBC与弹簧启动和MySQL一起使用：请注意，依赖项版本已由弹簧启动初学者父项目定义。

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<project xmlns="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0"
         xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
         xsi:schemaLocation="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0 http://maven.apache.org/xsd/maven-4.0.0.xsd">
    <modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion>
    <parent>
        <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
        <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-parent</artifactId>
        <version>2.7.4</version>
        <relativePath /> <!-- lookup parent from repository -->
    </parent>
    <groupId>net.codejava</groupId>
    <artifactId>ProductManagerJDBCAuthenticationManuallyAuthenticateCaptcha</artifactId>
    <version>2.0</version>
    <name>ProductManagerJDBCAuthenticationManuallyAuthenticateCaptcha</name>
    <description>ProductManagerJDBCAuthentication</description>
    <packaging>jar</packaging>

    <properties>
        <java.version>1.8</java.version>
    </properties>

    <dependencies>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
            <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-data-jpa</artifactId>
        </dependency>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
            <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-thymeleaf</artifactId>
        </dependency>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
            <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-web</artifactId>
        </dependency>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
            <artifactId>spring-boot-devtools</artifactId>
        </dependency>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>mysql</groupId>
            <artifactId>mysql-connector-java</artifactId>
            <scope>runtime</scope>
        </dependency>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
            <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-security</artifactId>
        </dependency>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.thymeleaf.extras</groupId>
            <artifactId>thymeleaf-extras-springsecurity5</artifactId>
        </dependency>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>com.github.penggle</groupId>
            <artifactId>kaptcha</artifactId>
            <version>2.3.2</version>
        </dependency>
    </dependencies>

    <build>
        <plugins>
            <plugin>
                <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
                <artifactId>spring-boot-maven-plugin</artifactId>
            </plugin>
        </plugins>
    </build>

</project>

4. 配置 JDBC 身份验证详细信息

要将 Spring 安全性与基于表单的身份验证和 JDBC 结合使用，请按如下方式创建 WebSecurityConfig 类：

package net.codejava;

import javax.sql.DataSource;

import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Bean;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Configuration;
import org.springframework.http.HttpMethod;
import org.springframework.security.authentication.AuthenticationManager;
import org.springframework.security.config.annotation.authentication.builders.AuthenticationManagerBuilder;
import org.springframework.security.config.annotation.web.builders.HttpSecurity;
import org.springframework.security.config.annotation.web.configuration.EnableWebSecurity;
import org.springframework.security.config.annotation.web.configuration.WebSecurityConfigurerAdapter;
import org.springframework.security.crypto.bcrypt.BCryptPasswordEncoder;

@Configuration
@EnableWebSecurity
public class WebSecurityConfig extends WebSecurityConfigurerAdapter {

    @Autowired
    private DataSource dataSource;

    @Bean
    @Override
    public AuthenticationManager authenticationManagerBean() throws Exception {
        return super.authenticationManagerBean();
    }

    @Autowired
    public void configAuthentication(AuthenticationManagerBuilder authBuilder) throws Exception {
        authBuilder.jdbcAuthentication()
                .dataSource(dataSource)
                .passwordEncoder(new BCryptPasswordEncoder())
                .usersByUsernameQuery("select username, password, enabled from users where username=?")
                .authoritiesByUsernameQuery("SELECT users.username,permissions.name FROM users,roles,users_roles,permissions,roles_permissions WHERE users.username=users_roles.username AND roles.name=users_roles.role_name AND roles.name=roles_permissions.role_name AND permissions.name=roles_permissions.permission AND users.username=?");
    }

    @Override
    protected void configure(HttpSecurity http) throws Exception {
        http.authorizeRequests()
                .antMatchers("/edit/*", "/delete/*").hasAnyAuthority("ADMIN")
                .antMatchers("/common/**").permitAll()
                .antMatchers("/login").permitAll()
                .antMatchers("/verify").permitAll()
                .anyRequest().authenticated()
                .and()
                .formLogin().loginPage("/login")
                .permitAll()
                .and()
                .logout().permitAll()
                .and()
                .exceptionHandling().accessDeniedPage("/403");
    }

}

此安全配置类必须使用@EnableWebSecurity注释进行批注，并且是 Web 安全配置器适配器的子类。数据源对象的实例将由Spring框架创建并注入：

    @Autowired
    private DataSource dataSource;

它将从应用程序属性文件中读取数据库连接信息。要使用JDBC配置身份验证，请编写以下方法：

    @Autowired
    public void configAuthentication(AuthenticationManagerBuilder authBuilder) throws Exception {
        authBuilder.jdbcAuthentication()
                .dataSource(dataSource)
                .passwordEncoder(new BCryptPasswordEncoder())
                .usersByUsernameQuery("select username, password, enabled from users where username=?")
                .authoritiesByUsernameQuery("SELECT users.username,permissions.name FROM users,roles,users_roles,permissions,roles_permissions WHERE users.username=users_roles.username AND roles.name=users_roles.role_name AND roles.name=roles_permissions.role_name AND permissions.name=roles_permissions.permission AND users.username=?");
    }

如您所见，我们需要指定密码编码器（建议使用BCrypt），数据源和两个SQL语句：第一个根据用户名选择用户，第二个选择用户的角色。请注意，Spring安全性要求列名必须是用户名，密码，启用和角色。为了配置基于表单的身份验证，我们重写了 configure（HttpSecurity） 方法，如下所示：

    @Override
    protected void configure(HttpSecurity http) throws Exception {
        http.authorizeRequests()
                .antMatchers("/edit/*", "/delete/*").hasAnyAuthority("ADMIN")
                .anyRequest().authenticated()
                .and()
                .formLogin().permitAll()
                .and()
                .logout().permitAll()
                .and()
                .exceptionHandling().accessDeniedPage("/403");
    }

在这里，我们指定所有请求都必须进行身份验证，这意味着用户必须登录才能使用该应用程序。使用Spring安全性提供的默认登录表单。要显示已登录用户的用户名，请在Thymeleaf模板文件中编写以下代码：

<div sec:authorize="isAuthenticated()">
                Welcome <b><span sec:authentication="name">Username</span></b>
                &nbsp;
                <i><span sec:authentication="principal.authorities">Roles</span></i>
            </div>

并添加注销按钮：

            <form th:action="@{/logout}" method="post">
                <input type="submit" value="Logout" />
            </form>

如您所见，Spring Security将处理应用程序的登录和注销。我们不必编写重复的代码，只需指定一些配置即可。

5.自定义登录验证过程

package net.codejava;

import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Controller;
import org.springframework.util.StringUtils;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.*;

import javax.servlet.http.HttpSession;
import org.springframework.security.authentication.AuthenticationManager;
import org.springframework.security.authentication.UsernamePasswordAuthenticationToken;
import org.springframework.security.core.Authentication;
import org.springframework.security.core.context.SecurityContext;
import org.springframework.security.core.context.SecurityContextHolder;
import static org.springframework.security.web.context.HttpSessionSecurityContextRepository.SPRING_SECURITY_CONTEXT_KEY;

@Controller

public class LoginController {

    /**
     * 注入身份认证管理器
     */
    @Autowired
    private AuthenticationManager authenticationManager;

    @GetMapping("/login")
    public String login() {
        return "login";
    }

    @PostMapping(value = "/verify")
    public String login(@RequestParam("username") String username,
            @RequestParam("password") String password,
            @RequestParam("verifyCode") String verifyCode,
            HttpSession session) {
        System.out.println("username is:" + username);
        System.out.println("password is:" + password);
        System.out.println("verifyCode is:" + verifyCode);
        if (StringUtils.isEmpty(verifyCode)) {
            session.setAttribute("errorMsg", "The verification code cannot be empty");
            return "login";
        }
        if (StringUtils.isEmpty(username) || StringUtils.isEmpty(password)) {
            session.setAttribute("errorMsg", "User name or password cannot be empty");
            return "login";
        }
        String kaptchaCode = session.getAttribute("verifyCode") + "";
        System.out.println("kaptchaCode is:" + kaptchaCode);
        if (StringUtils.isEmpty(kaptchaCode) || !verifyCode.equals(kaptchaCode)) {
            session.setAttribute("errorMsg", "Verification code error");
            return "login";
        }
//        User user = userService.login(userName, password);

        System.out.println(username + "==" + password + "==" + verifyCode);
        // 创建用户名与密码认证对象
        UsernamePasswordAuthenticationToken token = new UsernamePasswordAuthenticationToken(username, password);
        try {
            // 调用认证方法，返回认证对象
            Authentication authenticate = authenticationManager.authenticate(token);
            // 判断是否认证成功
            if (authenticate.isAuthenticated()) {
                // 设置用户认证成功，往Session中添加认证通过信息
                SecurityContextHolder.getContext().setAuthentication(authenticate);
                SecurityContext sc = SecurityContextHolder.getContext();
                sc.setAuthentication(authenticate);
                session.setAttribute(SPRING_SECURITY_CONTEXT_KEY, sc);
                // 重定向到登录成功页面
                return "redirect:/";

            } else {
                session.setAttribute("errorMsg", "Login failed");
                return "login";
            }
        } catch (Exception ex) {
            ex.printStackTrace();
        }
        return "login";
    }
}

kaptcha验证码

package net.codejava;

import com.google.code.kaptcha.impl.DefaultKaptcha;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Controller;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.GetMapping;

import javax.imageio.ImageIO;
import javax.servlet.ServletOutputStream;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;
import java.awt.image.BufferedImage;
import java.io.ByteArrayOutputStream;

@Controller
public class KaptchaController {

    @Autowired
    private DefaultKaptcha captchaProducer;

    @GetMapping("/common/kaptcha")
    public void defaultKaptcha(HttpServletRequest httpServletRequest, HttpServletResponse httpServletResponse) throws Exception {
        byte[] captchaOutputStream = null;
        ByteArrayOutputStream imgOutputStream = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
        try {
            //Produce the verification code string and save it in the session
            String verifyCode = captchaProducer.createText();
            httpServletRequest.getSession().setAttribute("verifyCode", verifyCode);
            BufferedImage challenge = captchaProducer.createImage(verifyCode);
            ImageIO.write(challenge, "jpg", imgOutputStream);
        } catch (IllegalArgumentException e) {
            httpServletResponse.sendError(HttpServletResponse.SC_NOT_FOUND);
            return;
        }
        captchaOutputStream = imgOutputStream.toByteArray();
        httpServletResponse.setHeader("Cache-Control", "no-store");
        httpServletResponse.setHeader("Pragma", "no-cache");
        httpServletResponse.setDateHeader("Expires", 0);
        httpServletResponse.setContentType("image/jpeg");
        ServletOutputStream responseOutputStream = httpServletResponse.getOutputStream();
        responseOutputStream.write(captchaOutputStream);
        responseOutputStream.flush();
        responseOutputStream.close();
    }

}

package net.codejava;

import com.google.code.kaptcha.impl.DefaultKaptcha;
import com.google.code.kaptcha.util.Config;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Bean;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Component;

import java.util.Properties;

@Component
public class KaptchaConfig {

    @Bean
    public DefaultKaptcha getDefaultKaptcha() {
        DefaultKaptcha defaultKaptcha = new DefaultKaptcha();
        Properties properties = new Properties();
        properties.put("kaptcha.border", "no");
        properties.put("kaptcha.textproducer.font.color", "black");
        properties.put("kaptcha.image.width", "150");
        properties.put("kaptcha.image.height", "40");
        properties.put("kaptcha.textproducer.font.size", "30");
        properties.put("kaptcha.session.key", "verifyCode");
        properties.put("kaptcha.textproducer.char.space", "5");
        Config config = new Config(properties);
        defaultKaptcha.setConfig(config);

        return defaultKaptcha;
    }

}

6.登录页面

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html xmlns:th="http://www.thymeleaf.org">
    <head>
        <meta charset="UTF-8">
        <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
        <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
        <title>Bootstrap 5 Sign In Form with Image Example</title>
        <link href="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/bootstrap@5.0.2/dist/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet"
              integrity="sha384-EVSTQN3/azprG1Anm3QDgpJLIm9Nao0Yz1ztcQTwFspd3yD65VohhpuuCOmLASjC" crossorigin="anonymous">
        <script src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/bootstrap@5.0.2/dist/js/bootstrap.bundle.min.js"
                integrity="sha384-MrcW6ZMFYlzcLA8Nl+NtUVF0sA7MsXsP1UyJoMp4YLEuNSfAP+JcXn/tWtIaxVXM"
        crossorigin="anonymous"></script>
        <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/bootstrap-icons@1.5.0/font/bootstrap-icons.css">
    </head>

    <body>
        <form th:action="@{/verify}" method="post">
            <div class="container-fluid vh-100" style="margin-top:50px">
                <div class="" style="margin-top:50px">
                    <div class="rounded d-flex justify-content-center">
                        <div class=" col-md-4 col-sm-12 shadow-lg p-5 bg-light">
                            <div class="text-center">
                                <h3 class="text-primary">请登录</h3>
                            </div>
                            <div class="p-4">
                                <div class="input-group mb-3">
                                    <span class="input-group-text bg-secondary"><i
                                            class="bi bi-person-fill text-white"></i></span>
                                    <input id="username" type="text" name="username" required class="form-control" placeholder="用户名">
                                </div>
                                <div class="input-group mb-3">
                                    <span class="input-group-text bg-secondary"><i
                                            class="bi bi-key-fill text-white"></i></span>
                                    <input  id="password" type="password" name="password" required class="form-control" placeholder="密码">
                                </div>
                                <div class="input-group mb-3">
                                    <span class="input-group-text bg-secondary"><i
                                            class="bi bi-lock-fill text-white"></i></span>
                                    <input type="text" name="verifyCode"  class="form-control" placeholder="输入下图中的校验码">
                                </div>
                                <div class="input-group mb-3">
                                    <span class="input-group-text bg-secondary"><i
                                            class="bi bi-image-fill text-white"></i></span>
                                    <img alt="Click the picture to refresh!" class="pointer" th:src="@{/common/kaptcha}"
                                         onclick="this.src = '/common/kaptcha?d=' + new Date() * 1">
                                </div>
                                <div class="col-12">
                                    <button type="submit" class="btn btn-primary px-4 float-end mt-4">登录</button>
                                </div>

                            </div>
                        </div>
                    </div>
                </div>
            </div>
    </body>

</html>

5. 测试登录和注销

启动Spring Boot应用程序并访问 http://localhost:8080 在Web浏览器中，您将看到自定义的登录页面出现：

 现在输入正确的用户名admin和密码admin，您将看到主页如下：

 

并注意欢迎消息后跟用户名。用户现在已通过身份验证以使用该应用程序。单击“注销”按钮，您将看到自定义的登录页面出现，这意味着我们已成功实现登录并注销到我们的Spring Boot应用程序。

结论：

到目前为止，您已经学会了使用基于表单的身份验证和数据库内凭据来保护Spring Boot应用程序。您会看到 Spring 安全性使实现登录和注销功能变得非常容易，并且非常方便。为方便起见，您可以下载下面的示例项目。

下载源码：https://github.com/allwaysoft/ProductManagerJDBCAuthenticationManuallyAuthenticateCaptcha/