Db

Android 提供了SQLiteDatabase类，使用该类可以完成对数据库的添加、查询、更新、删除等操作。对于SQliteDatabase的学习，重点掌握其execSQL（）和rawQuery（）。execSQL（）方法可以进行insert、delete、update和CREATE TABLE等可以更改行为的SQL语句；而rawQuery（）方法用于执行select语句。
SQLiteDatabase db = getWritableDatabase()/ getReadableDatabase();
db.execSQL(“insert into person(name, age) values(‘测试数据’, 4)”);
db.close();
执行上面SQL语句会往person表中添加进一条记录，在实际应用中， 语句中的“测试数据”这些参数值会由用户输入界面提供，如果把用户输入的内容原样组拼到上面的insert语句， 当用户输入的内容含有单引号时，组拼出来的SQL语句就会存在语法错误。要解决这个问题需要对单引号进行转义，也就是把单引号转换成两个单引号。有些时候用户往往还会输入像“ & ”这些特殊SQL符号，为保证组拼好的SQL语句语法正确，必须对SQL语句中的这些特殊SQL符号都进行转义，显然，对每条SQL语句都做这样的处理工作是比较烦琐的。 SQLiteDatabase类提供了一个重载后的execSQL(String sql, Object[] bindArgs)方法，使用这个方法可以解决前面提到的问题，因为这个方法支持使用占位符参数(?)。使用例子如下：
SQLiteDatabase db = ….;
db.execSQL(“insert into person(name, age) values(?,?)”, new Object[]{“测试数据”, 4});
db.close();
execSQL(String sql, Object[] bindArgs)方法的第一个参数为SQL语句，第二个参数为SQL语句中占位符参数的值，参数值在数组中的顺序要和占位符的位置对应。

public class DatabaseHelper extends SQLiteOpenHelper {  
    //类没有实例化,是不能用作父类构造器的参数,必须声明为静态  
         private static final String name = "itcast"; //数据库名称  
         private static final int version = 1; //数据库版本  
         public DatabaseHelper(Context context) {  
//第三个参数CursorFactory指定在执行查询时获得一个游标实例的工厂类,设置为null,代表使用系统默认的工厂类  
                super(context, name, null, version);  
         }  
        @Override public void onCreate(SQLiteDatabase db) {  
              db.execSQL("CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS person (personid integer primary key autoincrement, name varchar(20), age INTEGER)");     
         }  
        @Override public void onUpgrade(SQLiteDatabase db, int oldVersion, int newVersion) {  
               db.execSQL(" ALTER TABLE person ADD phone VARCHAR(12) NULL "); //往表中增加一列  
    // DROP TABLE IF EXISTS person 删除表  
       }  
}  
//在实际项目开发中，当数据库表结构发生更新时，应该避免用户存放于数//据库中的数据丢失。  

SQLiteDatabase的rawQuery() 用于执行select语句，使用例子如下： SQLiteDatabase db = ….;
Cursor cursor = db.rawQuery(“select * from person”, null);
while (cursor.moveToNext()) {
int personid = cursor.getInt(0); //获取第一列的值,第一列的索引从0开始
String name = cursor.getString(1);//获取第二列的值
int age = cursor.getInt(2);//获取第三列的值
}
cursor.close();
db.close();
rawQuery()方法的第一个参数为select语句；第二个参数为select语句中占位符参数的值，如果select语句没有使用占位符，该参数可以设置为null。带占位符参数的select语句使用例子如下：
Cursor cursor = db.rawQuery(“select * from person where name like ? and age=?”, new String[]{“%传智%”, “4”});
Cursor是结果集游标，用于对结果集进行随机访问，如果大家熟悉jdbc， 其实Cursor与JDBC中的ResultSet作用很相似。使用moveToNext()方法可以将游标从当前行移动到下一行，如果已经移过了结果集的最后一行，返回结果为false，否则为true。另外Cursor 还有常用的moveToPrevious()方法（用于将游标从当前行移动到上一行，如果已经移过了结果集的第一行，返回值为false，否则为true ）、moveToFirst()方法（用于将游标移动到结果集的第一行，如果结果集为空，返回值为false，否则为true ）和moveToLast()方法（用于将游标移动到结果集的最后一行，如果结果集为空，返回值为false，否则为true ） 。

除了前面给大家介绍的execSQL()和rawQuery()方法， SQLiteDatabase还专门提供了对应于添加、删除、更新、查询的操作方法： insert()、delete()、update()和query() 。这些方法实际上是给那些不太了解SQL语法的菜鸟使用的，对于熟悉SQL语法的程序员而言，直接使用execSQL()和rawQuery()方法执行SQL语句就能完成数据的添加、删除、更新、查询操作。
Insert()方法用于添加数据，各个字段的数据使用ContentValues进行存放。 ContentValues类似于MAP，相对于MAP，它提供了存取数据对应的put(String key, Xxx value)和getAsXxx(String key)方法， key为字段名称，value为字段值，Xxx指的是各种常用的数据类型，如：String、Integer等。
SQLiteDatabase db = databaseHelper.getWritableDatabase();
ContentValues values = new ContentValues();
values.put(“name”, “测试数据”);
values.put(“age”, 4);
long rowid = db.insert(“person”, null, values);//返回新添记录的行号，与主键id无关
不管第三个参数是否包含数据，执行Insert()方法必然会添加一条记录，如果第三个参数为空，会添加一条除主键之外其他字段值为Null的记录。Insert()方法内部实际上通过构造insert SQL语句完成数据的添加，Insert()方法的第二个参数用于指定空值字段的名称，相信大家对该参数会感到疑惑，该参数的作用是什么？是这样的：如果第三个参数values 为Null或者元素个数为0， 由于Insert()方法要求必须添加一条除了主键之外其它字段为Null值的记录，为了满足SQL语法的需要， insert语句必须给定一个字段名，如：insert into person(name) values(NULL)，倘若不给定字段名 ， insert语句就成了这样： insert into person() values()，显然这不满足标准SQL的语法。对于字段名，建议使用主键之外的字段，如果使用了INTEGER类型的主键字段，执行类似insert into person(personid) values(NULL)的insert语句后，该主键字段值也不会为NULL。如果第三个参数values 不为Null并且元素的个数大于0 ，可以把第二个参数设置为null。
delete()方法的使用：
SQLiteDatabase db = databaseHelper.getWritableDatabase();
db.delete(“person”, “personid

public class PersonService  
{  
    private DBOpenHelper helper;  
    public PersonService(Context context)  
    {  
        helper=new DBOpenHelper(context);  
    }  
    /** 
     * 新增一条记录 
     * @param person 
     */  
    public void save(Person person)  
    {  
        SQLiteDatabase db=helper.getWritableDatabase();//Create and/or open a database that will be used for reading and writing  
        db.execSQL("INSERT INTO person(name,phone) values(?,?)",new Object[]{person.getName().trim(),person.getPhone().trim()});//使用占位符进行转译  
//      db.close();  不关数据库连接 。可以提高性能 因为创建数据库的时候的操作模式是私有的。  
//                                        代表此数据库，只能被本应用所访问 单用户的，可以维持长久的链接  
    }   
    /** 
     * 更新某一条记录 
     * @param person 
     */  
    public void update(Person person)  
    {  
        SQLiteDatabase db=helper.getWritableDatabase();  
        db.execSQL("update person set phone=?,name=? where personid=?",  
                    new Object[]{person.getPhone().trim(),person.getName().trim(),person.getId()});  
    }  
    /** 
     * 根据ID查询某条记录 
     * @param id 
     * @return 
     */  
    public Person find(Integer id)  
    {  
        SQLiteDatabase db=helper.getReadableDatabase();  
        Cursor cursor=db.rawQuery("select * from person where personid=?", new String[]{id.toString()});//Cursor 游标和 ResultSet 很像  
        if(cursor.moveToFirst())//Move the cursor to the first row. This method will return false if the cursor is empty.  
        {  
            int personid=cursor.getInt(cursor.getColumnIndex("personid"));  
            String name=cursor.getString(cursor.getColumnIndex("name"));  
            String phone=cursor.getString(cursor.getColumnIndex("phone"));  

            return new Person(personid,name,phone);  
        }  
        return null;  
    }  
    /** 
     * 删除某一条记录 
     * @param id 
     */  
    public void delete(Integer id)  
    {  
        SQLiteDatabase db=helper.getWritableDatabase();  
        db.execSQL("delete from person where personid=?",  
                    new Object[]{id});  
    }  

    /** 
     * 得到记录数 
     * @return 
     */  
    public long getCount()  
    {  
        SQLiteDatabase db=helper.getReadableDatabase();  
        Cursor cursor=db.rawQuery("select count(*) from person", null);  
        cursor.moveToFirst();  
        return cursor.getLong(0);  
    }  
    /** 
     * 分页查询方法 SQL语句跟MySQL的语法一样 
     * @return 
     */  
    public List<Person> getScrollData(int offset,int maxResult)  
    {  
        List<Person> persons=new ArrayList<Person>();  
        SQLiteDatabase db=helper.getReadableDatabase();  
        Cursor cursor=db.rawQuery("select * from person limit ?,?",   
                                    new String[]{String.valueOf(offset),String.valueOf(maxResult)});  
        while (cursor.moveToNext())  
        {  
            int personid=cursor.getInt(cursor.getColumnIndex("personid"));  
            String name=cursor.getString(cursor.getColumnIndex("name"));  
            String phone=cursor.getString(cursor.getColumnIndex("phone"));  

            persons.add(new Person(personid,name,phone));  
        }  

        return persons;  
    }  
}  

android开发中离不开数据库的操作，直接上代码：

public class DBHelper extends SQLiteOpenHelper {

    //singleton instance
    private static DBHelper sInstance;

    private static final int DATABASE_VERSION = 0x02;

    private static final String DATABASE_NAME = "heart_rate";
    //the table name
    private static final String TABLE_NAME = "rate";

    private static final String FILED_ID = "id";

    private static final String FILED_RATE = "rate";

    private static final String FILED_TIME = "time";

    private static final String TAG = DBHelper.class.getSimpleName();

    private static final long MAX_RECORD = 6000000;

    /**
     * get the instance of dbhelper
     *
     * @param context the context of db
     * @return instance of dbhelper
     */
    public static DBHelper getInstance(Context context) {
        if (sInstance == null) {
            synchronized (DBHelper.class) {
                if (sInstance == null) {
                    sInstance = new DBHelper(context, DATABASE_NAME, null, DATABASE_VERSION);
                }
            }
        }
        return sInstance;
    }

    private DBHelper(Context context, String name, SQLiteDatabase.CursorFactory factory, int version) {
        super(context, name, factory, version);
    }

    @Override
    public void onCreate(SQLiteDatabase db) {
        createDB(db);
    }

    private void createDB(SQLiteDatabase db) {
        db.execSQL("create table IF NOT EXISTS " + TABLE_NAME + " (" + FILED_ID + " INTEGER PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT, " + FILED_RATE + " INTEGER DEFAULT 0, " + FILED_TIME + " BIGINT DEFAULT 0);");
    }

    @Override
    public void onUpgrade(SQLiteDatabase db, int oldVersion, int newVersion) {

    }

    public void putHRValues(List<Integer> values, List<Long> times){
        LogUtils.d(TAG,"begin to insert ");
        if(values != null && times != null) {
            LogUtils.d(TAG,"not null ");
            if(values.size() == times.size() && values.size() > 0) {
                LogUtils.d(TAG,"size = " + values.size());
                for(int i = 0; i < values.size(); ++i){
                    LogUtils.d(TAG,"rate insert " + values.get(i));
                    putHRValue(values.get(i),times.get(i));
                }
            }
        }
    }

    /**
     * put value into db
     *
     * @param value heart rate value
     * @param time  the time of the heart rate
     */
    public boolean putHRValue(int value, long time) {
        limitRecords(1);
        SQLiteDatabase db = getWritableDatabase();
        if (db != null && db.isOpen()) {
            ContentValues cv = new ContentValues(1);
            cv.put(FILED_RATE, value);
            LogUtils.d(TAG,"put time before is " + time);
            cv.put(FILED_TIME, time);
            long rowID = db.insert(TABLE_NAME, null, cv);
            LogUtils.d(TAG,"row inserted id is " + rowID);
            return rowID!= -1;
        } else {
            LogUtils.d(TAG, "db is null or db is not open");
            return false;
        }
    }

    /**
     * get the max rate from db
     * @return HRBean contains max heart rate
     */
    public HRBean getMaxRateBean(){
        HRBean bean = null;
        SQLiteDatabase db = getReadableDatabase();
        if(db != null && db.isOpen()){
            Cursor cursor = db.rawQuery("SELECT " + FILED_ID + ",MAX(" + FILED_RATE + ")," + FILED_TIME + " FROM "  + TABLE_NAME + " ", null);
            if(cursor != null && cursor.getCount() > 0){
                cursor.moveToFirst();
                bean = new HRBean();
                bean.setID(cursor.getInt(0));
                bean.setRate(cursor.getInt(1));
                bean.setTime(cursor.getLong(2));
                LogUtils.d(TAG,"max rate is " + String.valueOf(cursor.getInt(1)) + "\nmax time is " + String.valueOf(cursor.getLong(2)));
            }
            if(cursor != null){
                cursor.close();
            }
        }
        return bean;
    }

    /**
     * get the min rate from db
     * @return HRBean contains min heart rate
     */
    public HRBean getMinRateBean(){
        HRBean bean = null;
        SQLiteDatabase db = getReadableDatabase();
        if(db != null && db.isOpen()){
            Cursor cursor = db.rawQuery("SELECT " + FILED_ID + ",MIN(" + FILED_RATE + ")," + FILED_TIME + " FROM "  + TABLE_NAME + " ", null);
            if(cursor != null && cursor.getCount() > 0){
                cursor.moveToFirst();
                bean = new HRBean();
                bean.setID(cursor.getInt(0));
                bean.setRate(cursor.getInt(1));
                bean.setTime(cursor.getLong(2));
                LogUtils.d(TAG,"min rate is " + String.valueOf(cursor.getInt(1)) + "\nmax time is " + String.valueOf(cursor.getLong(2)));
            }
            if(cursor != null){
                cursor.close();
            }
        }
        return bean;
    }

    /**
     * get all the hr rate values
     *
     * @return list of heart rate
     */
    public List<HRBean> getHRBeans() {
        List<HRBean> result = new ArrayList<>();
        SQLiteDatabase db = getReadableDatabase();
        if (db != null && db.isOpen()) {
            Cursor cursor = db.rawQuery("SELECT * FROM " + TABLE_NAME, null);
            if (cursor != null && cursor.getCount() > 0) {
                cursor.moveToNext();
                int count = cursor.getCount();
                HRBean bean = null;
                for (int i = 0; i < count; ++i) {
                    bean = new HRBean();
                    bean.setID(cursor.getInt(0));
                    bean.setRate(cursor.getInt(1));
                    bean.setTime(cursor.getLong(2));
                    LogUtils.d(TAG,"rate " + i +  " is " + String.valueOf(cursor.getInt(1)) + "\ntime is " + String.valueOf(cursor.getLong(2)));
                    result.add(bean);
                    cursor.moveToNext();
                }
            }
            if(cursor != null){
                cursor.close();
            }
        }
        if(result != null){
            LogUtils.d(TAG,"result count = " + result.size());
        }
        return result;
    }

    /**
     * if the count of records is larger than the given limit(MAX_RECORD), than delete one record first
     * @param willAddedCount the count of rate values which to be added
     */
    private void limitRecords(int willAddedCount) {
        SQLiteDatabase db = getWritableDatabase();
        if (db != null && db.isOpen()) {
            Cursor cursor = db.rawQuery("SELECT COUNT(*) FROM " + TABLE_NAME, null);
            LogUtils.d(TAG,"before count");
            if (cursor != null && cursor.getCount() > 0) {
                cursor.moveToNext();
                LogUtils.d(TAG,"count is " + cursor.getLong(0));
                long count = cursor.getLong(0);
                if (count > MAX_RECORD - willAddedCount) {
                    db.execSQL("DELETE FROM " + TABLE_NAME + " WHERE " + FILED_TIME + " IN (SELECT " + FILED_TIME + " FROM " + TABLE_NAME + " ORDER BY " + FILED_TIME  + " LIMIT 0," + (count - MAX_RECORD + willAddedCount)  +  ")");
                }
            }
            if(cursor != null){
                cursor.close();
            }
        }
    }


    /**
     * close the db
     * when application quit, call this to close db
     */
    public void closeDB() {
        getWritableDatabase().close();
    }

}

自己的另外一个练习：

public class DBHelper extends SQLiteOpenHelper {

    private static final boolean D = true;
    private static final String TAG = DBHelper.class.getSimpleName();


    public static final String DATABASE_NAME = "person.db";
    public static final int DATABASE_VERSION = 0x01;
    public static final String TABLE_NAME = "person";
    public static final String PERSON_ID = "_id";
    public static final String PERSON_NAME = "name";
    public static final String PERSON_SCORE = "score";

    private static DBHelper mDBHelper;

    public static DBHelper getInstance(Context context) {
        if(mDBHelper==null)
            mDBHelper = new DBHelper(context,DATABASE_NAME,null,DATABASE_VERSION);
        return mDBHelper;
    }


    public DBHelper(Context context, String name, SQLiteDatabase.CursorFactory factory, int version) {
        super(context, name, factory, version);
    }

    public DBHelper(Context context, String name, SQLiteDatabase.CursorFactory factory, int version, DatabaseErrorHandler errorHandler) {
        super(context, name, factory, version, errorHandler);
    }

    @Override
    public void onCreate(SQLiteDatabase db) {
        db.execSQL("CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS "+TABLE_NAME+"("
                +PERSON_ID+" INTEGER PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT,"
                +PERSON_NAME+" VARCHAR(20),"
                +PERSON_SCORE+" INTEGER"+");");
    }

    @Override
    public void onUpgrade(SQLiteDatabase db, int oldVersion, int newVersion) {

    }

    public void putPerson(Person person) {

        if(person!=null) {
            SQLiteDatabase db = getWritableDatabase();
            if(db==null||!db.isOpen())
                return;
            String name = person.getName();
            int score = person.getScore();
            db.execSQL("INSERT INTO "+TABLE_NAME+"("+PERSON_NAME+","+PERSON_SCORE+")"
                    +" values(?,?)",new Object[]{name.trim(),score});
        }

    }

    public void clearPerson() {
        SQLiteDatabase db = getWritableDatabase();
        if(db!=null&&db.isOpen()) {
            db.execSQL("DROP TABLE IF EXISTS "+TABLE_NAME);
            mDBHelper = null;
            onCreate(db);
        }
    }

    public List<Person> getPersons() {
        List<Person> persons = new ArrayList<>();
        SQLiteDatabase db = getReadableDatabase();
        if(db!=null&&db.isOpen()) {
            Cursor cursor = db.rawQuery("SELECT * FROM " + TABLE_NAME, null);
            while(cursor.moveToNext()) {
                int id_index = cursor.getColumnIndex(PERSON_ID);
                int name_index = cursor.getColumnIndex(PERSON_NAME);
                int score_index = cursor.getColumnIndex(PERSON_SCORE);
                persons.add(new Person(cursor.getInt(id_index),cursor.getString(name_index),
                        cursor.getInt(score_index)));

            }
            if(!cursor.isClosed())
                cursor.close();
        }
        return persons;
    }

    public void delPerson(int id) {
        SQLiteDatabase db = getWritableDatabase();
        if(db!=null&&db.isOpen()) {
            db.execSQL("DELETE FROM "+TABLE_NAME+" WHERE "+PERSON_ID+" = ?",new Object[]{id});
        }
    }

    public void updatePerson(int id,Person person) {
        SQLiteDatabase db = getWritableDatabase();
        if(db!=null&&db.isOpen()) {
            db.execSQL("UPDATE "+TABLE_NAME+" set "+PERSON_NAME+"=?,"+PERSON_SCORE+
                    "=?"+" WHERE "+PERSON_ID+"=?",new
                    Object[]{person.getName().trim(),person.getScore(),id});
        }
    }

    public Person getMaxPerson() {
        SQLiteDatabase db = getReadableDatabase();
        if(db!=null&&db.isOpen()) {
            /*
            Cursor cursor = db.rawQuery("SELECT "+PERSON_ID+","+PERSON_NAME+",MAX("+PERSON_SCORE+")"
                    +" FROM "+TABLE_NAME,null);*/
            Cursor cursor = db.rawQuery("SELECT * FROM "+TABLE_NAME+" WHERE " +
                    ""+PERSON_SCORE+"=( select MAX" +
                    "(score) from "+TABLE_NAME+")",null);
            if(D) Log.d(TAG,"cursor count:"+cursor.getCount());
            if(cursor.getCount()>0) {
                cursor.moveToFirst();
                if(D) Log.d(TAG,"cursor  position is:"+cursor.getPosition());
                 int id = cursor.getColumnIndex(PERSON_ID);
                int name = cursor.getColumnIndex(PERSON_NAME);
                int score = cursor.getColumnIndex(PERSON_SCORE);
                if(D) Log.d(TAG,"id:"+id+"name:"+name+"score:"+score);
                Person person = new Person(cursor.getInt(id),
                        cursor.getString(name),
                        cursor.getInt(score));
                return person;
            }
            cursor.close();
        }
        return null;
    }

}


public class DBDialog extends DialogFragment{



    private Context mContext;
    private View mView;
    private List<Person> mPersons;
    private ListView mListView;
    private PersonAdapter mPersonAdapter;

    public DBDialog(List<Person> persons) {
        super();
        mPersons = persons;
    }

    @Override
    public void onAttach(Context context) {
        super.onAttach(context);
        mContext = context;
    }

    @Nullable
    @Override
    public View onCreateView(LayoutInflater inflater, ViewGroup container, Bundle savedInstanceState) {
        mView = inflater.inflate(R.layout.persons_layout,container);
        init();

        return mView;
    }

    private void init() {

        mListView = (ListView)mView.findViewById(R.id.person_list);
        mPersonAdapter  = new PersonAdapter();
        mListView.setAdapter(mPersonAdapter);
    }

    private class PersonAdapter extends BaseAdapter {

        public PersonAdapter() {
            super();
        }

        @Override
        public int getCount() {
            return mPersons.size();
        }

        @Override
        public Object getItem(int position) {
            return mPersons.get(position);
        }

        @Override
        public long getItemId(int position) {
            return 0;
        }

        @Override
        public View getView(int position, View convertView, ViewGroup parent) {
           ViewHolder viewHolder = null;
            if(convertView==null) {
                convertView = LayoutInflater.from(mContext).inflate(R.layout.person_item_layout,
                        null);
                viewHolder = new ViewHolder();
                viewHolder.person_id = (TextView)convertView.findViewById(R.id.person_id_tv);
                viewHolder.person_name = (TextView)convertView.findViewById(R.id.person_name_tv);
                viewHolder.person_score = (TextView)convertView.findViewById(R.id.person_score_tv);
                convertView.setTag(viewHolder);
            }else {
                viewHolder = (ViewHolder)convertView.getTag();
            }

            viewHolder.person_id.setText(String.valueOf(mPersons.get(position).getId()));
            viewHolder.person_name.setText(mPersons.get(position).getName());
            viewHolder.person_score.setText(String.valueOf(mPersons.get(position).getScore()));
            return convertView;
        }
    }

    private class  ViewHolder {
        TextView person_id;
        TextView person_name;
        TextView person_score;
    }

}

@Override
    public void onUpgrade(SQLiteDatabase db, int oldVersion, int newVersion) {
        if(oldVersion!=newVersion) {
            db.execSQL("ALTER TABLE "+USER_INFO_SQL_TABLE_NAME+" RENAME TO "
                    +USER_INFO_SQL_TABLE_NAME_TMP+";");
            db.execSQL("create table if not exists "+USER_INFO_SQL_TABLE_NAME+"(_id integer "+
                    "primary key autoincrement,"+SQL_TABLE_ACCOUNT+" text,"+SQL_TABLE_PASSWORD +
                    " text);");
            db.execSQL("INSERT INTO "+USER_INFO_SQL_TABLE_NAME+"SELECT *,' ' FROM "+USER_INFO_SQL_TABLE_NAME_TMP);
            db.execSQL("DROP TABLE IF EXITS "+USER_INFO_SQL_TABLE_NAME_TMP);
        }
    }