Solaris10基础:UNIX/Linux基本结构

1.1.5  UNIX

  UNIX/Linux基本结构

  图1-3绘出了UNIX系统的高层次的体系结构。图中心的硬件部分向操作系统提供基本服务。操作系统直接与硬件交互,向程序提供公共服务,并使 它们同硬件特性隔离。当我们把整个系统看成层的集合时,通常将操作系统称为系统内核,或简称内核,此时强调的是它同用户程序的隔离。因为程序是不依赖于其 下面的硬件的,所以,如果程序对硬件没做什么假定的话,就容易把它们在不同硬件上运行的UNIX系统之间迁移。比如,那些假定了机器字长的程序就比没假定 机器字长的程序更难以搬到其他机器上。外层的程序,诸如shell及编辑程序(vi),是通过引用一组明确定义的系统调用而与内核交互的。这些系统调用通 知内核为调用程序做各种操作,并在内核与调用程序之间交换数据。图1-3中出现的一些程序属于标准的系统配置,就是大家所知道的命令。但是由名为 a.out的程序所指示的用户自有程序也可以存在于这一层。此处的a.out是被C编译程序产生的可执行文件的标准名字。其他应用程序能在较低的程序层次 之上构筑而成,因此它们存在于图1-3的最外层。比如,标准的C编译程序cc就处在图1-3的最外层;它引用C预处理程序、两次编译程序、汇编程序及装入 程序(称为连接-编译程序),这些都是彼此分开的底层程序。虽然图1-3对应用程序只描绘了两个级别的层次,但用户能够对层次进行扩充,直到级别的数目适 合于自己的需要。确实,为UNIX系统所偏爱的程序设计风格鼓励把现存程序组合起来去完成一个任务。

  一大批提供了对系统的高层次看法的应用子程序及应用程序,诸如shell、编辑程序、SCCS(Source Code Control System)及文档准备程序包等,都逐渐变成了"UNIX系统"这一名称的同义语。然而,它们最终都使用由内核提供的底层服务,并通过系统调用 (System Call)的集合利用这些服务。系统调用的集合及其实现系统调用的内部算法形成了内核的主体。简言之,内核提供了UNIX/Linux系统全部应用程序所 依赖的服务,并且内核定义了这些服务。下面我们将进一步介绍内核,对内核的体系结构提出一个总的看法,勾画出它的基本概念和结构,这将帮助读者更好地学习 以后的内容。

  图1-4给出了内核的框图,显示出了各种模块及它们之间的相互关系,它特别指出了内核的两个主要成分:左边的文件子系统和右边的进程控制子系 统。虽然实际上,由于某些模块同其他模块的内部操作进行交互而使内核偏离该模型,但该图仍可以作为观察内核的一个有用的逻辑观点。在图1-4中我们看到了 三个层次:用户、内核及硬件。系统调用与库接口体现了图1-4中描绘的用户程序与内核间的边界。系统调用看起来像C程序中普通的函数调用,而库把这些函数 调用映射成进入操作系统所需要的源语。然而,汇编语言程序可以不经过系统调用库而直接引用系统调用。程序常常使用像标准I/O库这样一些其他的库程序以提 供对系统调用的更高级的使用。由于在编译期间把这些库连接到程序上,因此,以这里的观点来说,这些库是用户程序的一部分。

Solaris10基础:UNIX/Linux基本结构

  图1-3  UNIX系统的高层次的体系结构

Solaris10基础:UNIX/Linux基本结构
 图1-4  UNIX系统内核结构

  图1-4把系统调用的集合分成与文件子系统交互作用的部分及与进程控制子系统交互作用的部分。文件子系统管理文件,其中包括分配文件空间、管理 空闲空间、控制对文件的存取,以及为用户检索数据。进程通过一个特定的系统调用集合,比如通过系统调用 open,close,read,write,stat,chown及chmod等与文件子系统交互。文件子系统使用一个缓冲机制存取文件数据,缓冲机制 调节在核心与二级存储设备之间的数据流。缓冲机制同块I/O设备驱动程序交互作用,以便启动往核心去的数据传送及从核心来的数据传送。设备驱动程序是用来 控制外围设备操作的核心模块。块I/O设备是随机存取存储设备,或者说,它们的设备驱动程序使得它们对于系统的其他部分来说好像是随机存取存储设备。

  例如,一个磁带驱动程序可以允许核心把一个磁带装置作为一个随机存取存储设备看待。文件子系统可以在没有缓冲机制干预的情况下直接与"原 始"I/O设备驱动程序交互作用。原始设备,有时也被称为字符设备,包括所有非块设备。进程控制子系统负责进程同步、进程间通信,存储管理及进程调度。当 要执行一个文件而把该文件装入存储器中时,文件子系统与进程控制子系统交互:进程子系统在执行可执行文件之前,把它们读到内存中。输入/输出存储管理模块 控制存储分配。

  在任何时刻,只要系统没有足够的物理存储供所有进程使用,核心就在内存与二级存储之间对进程进行交换,以便所有的进程都得到公平的执行机会。调 度程序模块把CPU分配给进程。该模块调度各进程依次运行,直到它们因等待资源而自愿放弃CPU,或者知道它们最近一次的运行时间超出一个时间量,从而核 心抢占它们。于是调度程序选择最高优先权的合格进程投入运行;当原来的进程成为最高优先权的合格进程时,还会再次投入运行。进程间通信有几种形式,从时间 的异步软中断信号到进程间消息的同步传输等。

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2013年最新版的强悍Unix版本Solaris 11.1系统文件,功能十分强大,不愧是真正血统的Unix系统! Oracle Announces Availability of Oracle Solaris 11.1 and Oracle Solaris Cluster 4.1 Delivers Oracle Database and Java Enhancements, Expanded Mission Critical Cloud Management Capabilities and Advanced Platform Features Redwood Shores, Calif – October 26, 2012 News Facts Oracle today announced general availability of Oracle Solaris 11.1 and Oracle Solaris Cluster 4.1. Oracle Solaris 11 is the first cloud OS that allows customers to build large-scale enterprise-class Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS), Platform as a Service (PaaS) and Software as a Service (SaaS) clouds on a wide range of SPARC and x86 servers and Oracle engineered systems. Oracle Solaris Cluster 4.1 extends high availability and disaster recovery capabilities of Oracle Solaris and includes unique virtual cluster features supporting highly efficient application consolidation with best-in-class availability. Oracle Solaris 11 is already widely in production with thousands of customers with mission critical deployments across industries such as financial services, communications, healthcare, retail, public sector and media and entertainment. Read customer success stories about Oracle Solaris here. Oracle Solaris 11 is also gaining strong momentum among enterprise application vendors with hundreds of applications already qualified for Oracle Solaris Ready status through the Oracle PartnerNetwork (OPN). OPN members can develop, sell and implement their solutions on Oracle Solaris 11 and take advantage of specialized Oracle Solaris resources to expand their market reach. Customers and partners can quickly and safely upgrade to Oracle Solaris 11.1 using the built-in update tools and software repositories available with Oracle Solaris 11. Oracle will host a webcast on November 7, 2012 at 8 a.m. Pacific time on Oracle Solaris 11.1 and Oracle Solaris Cluster 4.1, featuring Markus Flierl, vice president, Oracle Solaris Engineering, Core Technology and Bill Nesheim, vice president, Oracle Solaris Engineering, Platform Software. Register here. This event will also include an interactive chat with core developers of Oracle Solaris and Oracle Solaris Cluster. New and Enhanced Features in Oracle Solaris 11.1 Oracle Solaris 11.1 increases the performance, availability and I/O throughput of the latest Oracle Database technology. A new, optimized shared memory interface between the Oracle Database and Oracle Solaris 11.1 provides 8x faster database startup and shutdown, as well as online resizing of the Oracle Database System Global Area (SGA). Oracle Solaris 11.1 introduces unique new capabilities for optimizing Oracle Database performance. Oracle Solaris 11.1 exposes Oracle Solaris DTrace I/O interfaces that allow an Oracle Database administrator to identify I/O outliers and subsequently isolate network or storage bottlenecks. A new Oracle Solaris DTrace plug-in for Oracle Java Mission Control to enable customers to profile Java applications on Oracle Solaris production systems. New cloud management features add to Oracle Solaris 11’s zero overhead built-in virtualization capabilities across system, network and storage resources, including expanded support for Software Defined Networks (SDN) with Edge Virtual Bridging enhancements, to maximize network resource utilization and manage bandwidth in cloud environments. New built-in memory predictor monitors application memory use and provides optimized memory page sizes and resource location to speed overall application performance. Support for an unprecedented 32 TB of RAM and thousands of CPUs unlocks the full potential of Oracle’s latest server systems. Oracle Solaris Cluster 4.1 Highlights New Oracle Solaris 10 Zone Clusters allow customers to consolidate mission critical Oracle Solaris 10 applications on Oracle Solaris 11 cloud environments. Expanded disaster recovery operations using Oracle’s Sun ZFS Storage Appliance services along with Oracle Solaris Cluster 4.1 to coordinate failover of applications and data to a remote disaster recovery site. Faster application recovery with improved storage failure detection and resource dependencies management. New labeled security capability in Oracle Solaris Zone Clusters provides military grade application separation in highly consolidated mission-critical deployments using Oracle Solaris 11 Trusted Extensions. Integrated Oracle Deployments and Support Oracle Enterprise Manager Ops Center provides comprehensive cloud management capabilities for Oracle Solaris 11, including self-service provisioning of Oracle Solaris 11 Zones. 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OPN members can find Oracle Solaris tools and resources in the Oracle Solaris Knowledge Zone, including Oracle Solaris Ready, Oracle Solaris 11 Specialization and Oracle Solaris Development Initiative. The Oracle Solaris Remote Lab now provides a secure cloud environment for OPN members to test and validate their applications with Oracle Solaris 11 in SPARC and x86 virtual environments. Supporting Quotes “Oracle recommends Oracle Solaris 11 for all UNIX®-based Oracle implementations. Oracle Solaris 11.1 delivers over 300 new performance and feature enhancements and is engineered together with Oracle Database, middleware, applications to increase performance, streamline management and automate support for Oracle deployments,” said John Fowler, executive vice president, Systems, Oracle. “The combination of the secure, highly available capabilities of Oracle Solaris Cluster 4.1 and the built-in virtualization of Oracle Solaris 11.1 helps customers bring their most mission-critical applications into a cost effective, agile cloud environment and delivers extreme availability for enterprise applications.” “Clients are looking for ways to reduce the complexity of systems management while enabling Platform as a Service (PaaS) & Software as a Service (SaaS) clouds,” says Lee Diamante, solutions architect, Systems Computing Solutions at Forsythe. “The value of Oracle Solaris 11 is that it maintains all the enterprise-class features expected with a mission-critical OS, while bringing in new, innovative technologies. Forsythe has a long and rich history of delivering customer solutions on Oracle Solaris systems. This is why we are excited about the Solaris 11.1 release.” “Oracle is making it much easier for partners like Informatica to gain access to their software with the new testing environments; shrinking the time to measurable results and value,” said Julie Lockner, vice president, ILM, Informatica. “With the release of Oracle Solaris 11.1 Informatica customers now have access to mission critical deployments across major industries, with an environment of high performance and high availability. With all the new feature enhancements, we look forward to making the Informatica Platform certified on the Oracle Solaris 11 product family.”

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