java编程思想阅读笔记之造型检查

若将一个Circle（圆）造型到一个 Shape（几何形状），就叫做上溯造型，因为圆只是几何形状的一个子集。反之，若将Shape 造型至 Circle，就叫做下溯造型。然而，尽管我们明确知道Circle也是一个Shape，所以编译器能够自动上溯造型，但却不能保证一个 Shape 肯定是一个 Circle。因此，编译器不允许自动下溯造型，除非明确指定一次这样的造型。

关键字：instanceof  newInstance isInstance

用法：instanceof  ：对象 instanceof  A类  用于判断对象是否是A类的对象

例子：

class Pet {}
class Dog extends Pet {}
class Pug extends Dog {}
class Cat extends Pet {}
class Rodent extends Pet {}
class Gerbil extends Rodent {}
class Hamster extends Rodent {}

class Counter { int i; }

public class PetCount {
    static String[] typenames = {
            "Pet", "Dog", "Pug", "Cat",
            "Rodent", "Gerbil", "Hamster",
    };
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        Vector pets = new Vector();
        try {
            Class[] petTypes = {
                    Class.forName("com.myweb.Controller.test.Dog"),
                    Class.forName("com.myweb.Controller.test.Pug"),
                    Class.forName("com.myweb.Controller.test.Cat"),
                    Class.forName("com.myweb.Controller.test.Rodent"),
                    Class.forName("com.myweb.Controller.test.Gerbil"),
                    Class.forName("com.myweb.Controller.test.Hamster"),
            };
            for(int i = 0; i < 15; i++)
                pets.addElement(
                        petTypes[
                                (int)(Math.random()*petTypes.length)]
                                .newInstance());
        } catch(InstantiationException e) {}
        catch(IllegalAccessException e) {}
        catch(ClassNotFoundException e) {}
        Hashtable h = new Hashtable();
        for(int i = 0; i < typenames.length; i++)
            h.put(typenames[i], new Counter());
        for(int i = 0; i < pets.size(); i++) {
            Object o = pets.elementAt(i);
            if(o instanceof Pet)
                ((Counter)h.get("Pet")).i++;
            if(o instanceof Dog)
                ((Counter)h.get("Dog")).i++;
            if(o instanceof Pug)
                ((Counter)h.get("Pug")).i++;
            if(o instanceof Cat)
                ((Counter)h.get("Cat")).i++;
            if(o instanceof Rodent)
                ((Counter)h.get("Rodent")).i++;
            if(o instanceof Gerbil)
                ((Counter)h.get("Gerbil")).i++;
            if(o instanceof Hamster)
                ((Count

用法：newInstance  ：类名.newInstance 创建一个对象 用法见上代码

用法：类名.isInstance(对象) 用于判断对象是否是类的对象

例子

class Pet {}
class Dog extends Pet {}
class Pug extends Dog {}
class Cat extends Pet {}
class Rodent extends Pet {}
class Gerbil extends Rodent {}
class Hamster extends Rodent {}

class Counter { int i; }
public class PetCount3 {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        Vector pets = new Vector();
        Class[] petTypes = {
                Pet.class,
                Dog.class,
                Pug.class,
                Cat.class,
                Rodent.class,
                Gerbil.class,
                Hamster.class,
        };
        try {
            for(int i = 0; i < 15; i++) {
                // Offset by one to eliminate Pet.class:
                int rnd = 1 + (int)(
                        Math.random() * (petTypes.length - 1));
                pets.addElement(
                        petTypes[rnd].newInstance());
            }
        } catch(InstantiationException e) {}
        catch(IllegalAccessException e) {}
        Hashtable h = new Hashtable();
        for(int i = 0; i < petTypes.length; i++)
            h.put(petTypes[i].toString(),
                    new Counter());
        for(int i = 0; i < pets.size(); i++) {
            Object o = pets.elementAt(i);
            // Using isInstance to eliminate individual
            // instanceof expressions:
            for (int j = 0; j < petTypes.length; ++j)
                if (petTypes[j].isInstance(o)) {
                    String key = petTypes[j].toString();
                    ((Counter)h.get(key)).i++;
                }
        }
        for(int i = 0; i < pets.size(); i++)
            System.out.println(
                    pets.elementAt(i).getClass().toString());
        Enumeration keys = h.keys();
        while(keys.hasMoreElements()) {
            String nm = (String)keys.nextElement();
            Counter cnt = (Counter)h.get(nm);
            System.out.println(
                    nm.substring(nm.lastIndexOf('.') + 1) +
                            " quantity: " + cnt.i);
        }
    }
}

附加：Class.forName("A");和A.class都是获得A类，后者是java1.1之后的特性。