Django1.8教程重点

1 create project

---

django-admin startproject *project-name*

基本设置 settings.py

Database:
default->sqlite3

DATABASES = {
    'default': {
        'ENGINE': 'django.db.backends.sqlite3', 
        #’django.db.backends.postgresql_psycopg2’,’django.db.backends.mysql’, or ’django.db.backends.oracle’
        'NAME': os.path.join(BASE_DIR, 'db.sqlite3'),
        #filename and path of .db
    }
}

other database should set ‘USER’,’PASSWORD’,’HOST’

TimeZone:
TIME_ZONE = 'UTC'

INSTALLED_APPS:
需要运行的APP
- django.contrib.admin – The admin site. You’ll use it in part 2 of this tutorial.
- django.contrib.auth – An authentication system.
- django.contrib.contenttypes – A framework for content types.
- django.contrib.sessions – A session framework.
- django.contrib.messages – A messaging framework.
- django.contrib.staticfiles – A framework for managing static files.

note: 要使用这些app必须要创建数据库表
python manage.py migrate
指令检查 这些应用的settings，并建立表。

开发用服务器

python manage.py runserver
使用其他端口
python manage.py runserver 0.0.0.0:8080

2 Create Models(数据模型)

---

project vs app： 一个项目可以有很多app

创建app

python manage.py startapp polls
在这个app中我们创建俩种数据。放在polls/models.py中。

class Question(models.Model): 
    question_text = models.CharField(max_length=200)
    pub_date = models.DateTimeField(‘date published’)
class Choice(models.Model): 
    question = models.ForeignKey(Question) 
    choice_text = models.CharField(max_length=200) 
    votes = models.IntegerField(default=0)

更新数据models

在mysite/settings.py的 INSTALLED_APPS中加入polls

INSTALLED_APPS
= ( ‘django.contrib.admin’, ‘django.contrib.auth’, ‘django.contrib.contenttypes’,
‘django.contrib.sessions’, ‘django.contrib.messages’, ‘django.contrib.staticfiles’, ‘polls’, )

创建migration（这是一个中间记录迁移记录，并不会更新数据库，只是记录当前的数据库更新，而且还是泛型的）
python manage.py makemigrations polls
显示migration的具体的sql语句（针对某一个sql）
python manage.py sqlmigrate polls 0001
真正的更新数据库：
python manage.py migrate

3 Django Shell

---

进入项目的shell
python manage.py shell

创建数据项、数据项操作

>>> from polls.models import Question, Choice # Import the model classes we just wrote.
# No questions are in the system yet.
>>> Question.objects.all()
[]
# Create a new Question.
# Support for time zones is enabled in the default settings file, so
# Django expects a datetime with tzinfo for pub_date. Use timezone.now()
# instead of datetime.datetime.now() and it will do the right thing.
>>> from django.utils import timezone
>>> q = Question(question_text="What's new?", pub_date=timezone.now())
# Save the object into the database. You have to call save() explicitly.
>>> q.save()
># Now it has an ID. Note that this might say "1L" instead of "1", depending
# on which database you're using. That's no biggie; it just means your
# database backend prefers to return integers as Python long integer
# objects.
>>> q.id
1
# Access model field values via Python attributes.
>>> q.question_text
"What's new?"
>>> q.pub_date
datetime.datetime(2012, 2, 26, 13, 0, 0, 775217, tzinfo=<UTC>)
# Change values by changing the attributes, then calling save().
>>> q.question_text = "What's up?"
>>> q.save()
# objects.all() displays all the questions in the database.
>>> Question.objects.all()
[<Question: Question object>]

4 创建admin用户

---

1.python manage.py createsuperuser
2.启动开发服务器python manage.py runserver
3.进入/admin/域名，会显示数据库的表
4.将Question变得可编辑。在polls/admin.py中注册Question

from .models import Question
admin.site.register(Question) 

5.进入修改数据项

自定义admin表

元素显示

1.重排Question中子元素顺序：fields

from .models import Question
class QuestionAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin): 
    fields = [’pub_date’, ‘question_text’]
admin.site.register(Question, QuestionAdmin) 

2.将子元素划分不同组：fieldsets

from .models import Question
class QuestionAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin): 
    fieldsets = [ (None, {‘fields’: [’question_text’]}), (‘Dateinformation’,{‘fields’: [’pub_date’]}), ]
admin.site.register(Question, QuestionAdmin)

3.为子元素指定HTML的class, 使用fields中设定’classes’属性

from .models import Question
class QuestionAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin): 
    fieldsets = [ (None, {‘fields’: [’question_text’]}), (‘Dateinformation’,{‘fields’: [’pub_date’], ‘classes’: [’collapse’]}),]
admin.site.register(Question, QuestionAdmin)

4.指定多外键inlines,stackedInline

from .models import Choice, Question
class ChoiceInline(admin.StackedInline): 
    model = Choice 
    extra = 3
class QuestionAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin): 
    fieldsets = [ (None, {‘fields’: [’question_text’]}), (‘Dateinformation’,{‘fields’: [’pub_date’], ‘classes’: [’collapse’]}),] 
    inlines = [ChoiceInline]
admin.site.register(Question, QuestionAdmin) 

5.TarbularInline压缩式多外键，替换stackedInline

列表显示

1.列表显示的样式。admin.ModelAdmin的属性list_display，列表显示元素的属性，而不是只显示名字
list_display = (‘question_text’,‘pub_date’,‘was_published_recently’)
2.列表显示的功能。list_filter,search_fields
增加筛选和搜索功能

list_filter = ['pub_date']
search_fields = ['question_text']

3.其他功能：
Change list pagination, search boxes, filters, date-hierarchies, and column-header-ordering all work together like you think they should.

自定义admin样式

1.polls下新建Templates文件夹。用以存放模板。
2.mysite/settings.py增加一个DIRS在TEMPLATES设置中。

TEMPLATES = [ 
    {
    ‘BACKEND’:‘django.template.backends.django.DjangoTemplates’,
    ‘DIRS’: [os.path.join(BASE_DIR, ‘templates’)], 
    ‘APP_DIRS’: True, 
    ‘OPTIONS’: { 
        ‘context_processors’: [ 
        ‘django.template.context_processors.debug’,
        django.template.context_processors.request’,
        ‘django.contrib.auth.context_processors.auth’,
        ‘django.contrib.messages.context_processors.messages’, 
        ], 
    }, 
    }, 
]

3.在Templates文件夹下新建admin文件夹，将django的admin/base_site.html拷贝到此处。
4.自定义更改

5 VIEWS

---

url和视图函数

django将URL与VIEWS对应。使用一个URLconfs转换。

1.polls/views.py写界面函数

from django.http import HttpResponse
def index(request): 
    return HttpResponse(“Hello, world. You’re at the polls index.”)

2.polls/urls.py 定向app的urls

from . import views
from django.conf.urls import include, url
urlpatterns = [ url(r’^$’, views.index, name=’index’), ]

3.mysite/urls.py 包含到总urls

urlpatterns = [ url(r’^polls/’, include(‘polls.urls’)), url(r’^admin/’, include(admin.site.urls)), ]

4.url()函数参数
- regex字符：匹配字符
- view函数名
- kwargs：可以传递表，给视图函数
- name：模糊名，全局使用。可以在模板中使用

带参数的url

from django.conf.urls import url
from . import views
urlpatterns = [
# ex: /polls/ 
url(r’^$’, views.index, name=’index’), 
# ex: /polls/5/ 
url(r’^(?P<question_id>[0-9]+)/$’,views.detail, name=’detail’), 
#ex: /polls/5/results/ 
url(r’^(?P<question_id>[0-9]+)/results/$’,views.results,name=’results’), 
# ex: /polls/5/vote/ 
url(r’^(?P<question_id>[0-9]+)/vote/$’, views.vote, name=’vote’), 
]

def results(request, question_id)：
    pass
def detail(request, question_id)：
    pass

“/polls/34/” 的Django调用方式
detail(request=, question_id=’34’)

高级的VIEW编写

1.读取数据库输出

from django.http import HttpResponse
from .models import Question
def index(request): 
    latest_question_list =Question.objects.order_by(‘-pub_date’)[:5] 
    output = ‘,‘.join([p.question_text for p in latest_question_list])
    return HttpResponse(output)

2.使用模板 Templates
- 创建目录 polls/templates/polls/index.html
- 用template_loader以 polls/index.html访问
- 编写django定义的模板

模板有点类似于php了

{% if latest_question_list %}
<ul> 
{% for question in latest_question_list %} <li>
<a href=”/polls/{{ question.id }}/”>{{ question.question_text}}</a>
</li> 
{% endfor %} 
</ul>
{% else %} <p>No polls are available.</p> 
{% endif %}

• 重写view

from django.http import HttpResponse
from django.template import RequestContext, loader
from .models import Question
def index(request):
    latest_question_list = Question.objects.order_by(‘-pub_date’)[:5] tem
    plate = loader.get_template(‘polls/index.html’) 
    context = RequestContext(request, { ‘latest_question_list’: latest_question_list, }) 
    return HttpResponse(template.render(context))

3.更简单的方式render()

from django.shortcuts import render
from .models import Question
def index(request):
     latest_question_list = Question.objects.order_by(‘-pub_date’)[:5]
     context ={‘latest_question_list’: latest_question_list} 
     return render(request, ‘polls/index.html’, context)

4.返回404

from django.http import Http404 
from django.shortcuts import render
from .models import Question # ... 
def detail(request, question_id): 
    try: 
        question = Question.objects.get(pk=question_id)
    except Question.DoesNotExist: 
        raise Http404(“Question does not exist”) 
    return render(request,‘polls/detail.html’, {‘question’: question})

5.get_object_or_404(),get_list_or_404() 404的捷径

 from django.shortcuts import get_object_or_404,render
 from .models import Question
 def detail(request, question_id): 
     question = get_object_or_404(Question, pk=question_id) 
     return render(request, ‘polls/detail.html’, {‘question’: question})

模板系统

点查找

如下面的代码

<h1>{{ question.question_text }}</h1>
<ul> {% for choice in question.choice_set.all %}
<li>{{ choice.choice_text }}</li> 
 {% endfor %} </ul>

• 属性查找question.question_text
  
  1. 首先字典查找
  2. 属性查找
  3. list-index查找
• 方法调用 question.choice_set.all实际上执行question.choice_set.all()。

模板类型

1. {{}}变量模板
2. {%url 'detail' question.question_id %}超链接模板，调用全局视图函数。
3. {% if var %} {% else %} {% endif %}
4. {% for var in list %} {% endfor %}

URL的名称域

在include函数中之中设置名称域

from django.conf.urls import include, url
from django.contrib import admin
urlpatterns = [ url(r’^polls/’, include(‘polls.urls’,namespace=”polls”)), url(r’^admin/’,include(admin.site.urls)), ]

在模板中调用之中用’:’调用

<li><a href=”{% url ‘polls:detail’ question.id %}”>{{question.question_text
}}</a></li>

表单

---

前端form

<h1>{{ question.question_text }}</h1>
{% if error_message %}<p><strong>{{ error_message }}</strong></p>{% endif %}
<form action=”{% url ‘polls:vote’ question.id %}” method=”post”> 
{% csrf_token %} 
{% for choice in question.choice_set.all %} 
<input type=”radio” name=”choice” id=”choice{{ forloop.counter }}” value=”{{ choice.id }}”/> 
<label for=”choice{{ forloop.counter }}”>{{choice.choice_text }}</label>
<br /> 
{% endfor %} 
<input type=”submit” value=”Vote” />
</form>

后台python

from django.shortcuts import get_object_or_404, render 
from django.http import HttpResponseRedirect, HttpResponse 
from django.core.urlresolvers import reverse
from .models import Choice, Question # ... 
def vote(request, question_id): 
    p = get_object_or_404(Question, pk=question_id) 
    try: selected_choice = p.choice_set.get(pk=request.POST[’choice’]) 
    except (KeyError,Choice.DoesNotExist): 
# Redisplay the question voting form. 
        return render(request, ‘polls/detail.html’, { ‘question’:
p, ‘error_message’: “You didn’t select a choice.”, }) 
    else: 
        selected_choice.votes += 1 
        selected_choice.save() 
    #Always return an HttpResponseRedirect after successfully dealing
    # with POST data. This prevents data from being posted twice if a
    # user hits the Back button. 
        return HttpResponseRedirect(reverse(‘polls:results’, args=(p.id,)))

• request.POST是一个字典。通过key获得提交值。
• request.POST如果键值不存在会抛出异常。以上代码捕获异常。
• 每次POST成功都要redirect，使用HttpResponseRedirect()函数
• reverse()逆向调用全局视图函数

使用通用视图

1.修改URLconfs

from django.conf.urls import url
from . import views
urlpatterns = [ 
url(r’^$’, views.IndexView.as_view(), name=’index’), 
url(r’^(?P<pk>[0-9]+)/$’,views.DetailView.as_view(), name=’detail’), url(r’^(?P<pk>[0-9]+)/results/$’,views.ResultsView.as_view(),name=’results’), 
url(r’^(?P<question_id>[0-9]+)/vote/$’, views.vote, name=’vote’),
]

2.修改视图函数