一,保存logging 信息
# 保存log信息的文件名 LOG_LEVEL = "INFO" LOG_STDOUT = True LOG_ENCODING = 'utf-8' # 路径 os.path.dirname(os.path.dirname(os.path.dirname(__file__))) LOG_FILE = os.path.dirname(__file__) + "/SHANGSHIYAOPINGMULU_error.log"
二,禁止重定向
REDIRECT_ENABLED = False
三,设置延时
import random DOWNLOAD_DELAY = random.random() + random.random() RANDOMIZE_DOWNLOAD_DELAY = True
四,设置USER_AGENT
USER_AGENT = 'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; WOW64; Trident/7.0; rv:11.0) like Gecko'
五,启动spider下面的全部爬虫
1.与spider同级目录中创建commands文件夹
mkdir commands
2.进入commands文件夹
cd commands
3.创建__init__.py文件
touch __init__.py
4.创建crawlall.py文件
touch crawlall.py
5.打开crawlall文件编写代码
vim crawlall.py
from scrapy.commands import ScrapyCommand from scrapy.crawler import CrawlerRunner from scrapy.exceptions import UsageError from scrapy.utils.conf import arglist_to_dict class Command(ScrapyCommand): requires_project = True def syntax(self): return '[options]' def short_desc(self): return 'Runs all of the spiders' def add_options(self, parser): ScrapyCommand.add_options(self, parser) parser.add_option("-a", dest="spargs", action="append", default=[], metavar="NAME=VALUE", help="set spider argument (may be repeated)") parser.add_option("-o", "--output", metavar="FILE", help="dump scraped items into FILE (use - for stdout)") parser.add_option("-t", "--output-format", metavar="FORMAT", help="format to use for dumping items with -o") def process_options(self, args, opts): ScrapyCommand.process_options(self, args, opts) try: opts.spargs = arglist_to_dict(opts.spargs) except ValueError: raise UsageError("Invalid -a value, use -a NAME=VALUE", print_help=False) def run(self, args, opts): # settings = get_project_settings() spider_loader = self.crawler_process.spider_loader for spidername in args or spider_loader.list(): print("*********cralall NewsSpider************") self.crawler_process.crawl(spidername, **opts.spargs) self.crawler_process.start()
6.配置commands
COMMANDS_MODULE = 'spider.commands'
六,设置重新发请求的状态码
RETRY_HTTP_CODES = [500, 520]
七,配置redis
# reids连接信息 REDIS_HOST = "192.168.1.235" REDIS_PORT = 6379 REDIS_PARAMS = { "password": "KangCe@0608", } # 1(必须). 使用了scrapy_redis的去重组件,在redis数据库里做去重 DUPEFILTER_CLASS = "scrapy_redis.dupefilter.RFPDupeFilter" # 2(必须). 使用了scrapy_redis的调度器,在redis里分配请求 SCHEDULER = "scrapy_redis.scheduler.Scheduler" # 3(必须). 在redis中保持scrapy-redis用到的各个队列,从而允许暂停和暂停后恢复,也就是不清理redis queues SCHEDULER_PERSIST = True # 4(必须). 通过配置RedisPipeline将item写入key为 spider.name : items 的redis的list中,供后面的分布式处理item # 这个已经由 scrapy-redis 实现,不需要我们写代码,直接使用即可 ITEM_PIPELINES = { # 'AQI.pipelines.AqiJsonPipeline': 200, # 'AQI.pipelines.AqiCSVPipeline': 300, # 'AQI.pipelines.AqiRedisPipeline': 400, # 'AQI.pipelines.AqiMongoPipeline': 500, 'scrapy_redis.pipelines.RedisPipeline': 100 }
八.settings.py配置文件详解
# Scrapy项目的名字,这将用来构造默认 User-Agent,同时也用来log,当您使用 startproject 命令创建项目时其也被自动赋值。
BOT_NAME = 'demo1'
# Scrapy搜索spider的模块列表 默认: [xxx.spiders]
SPIDER_MODULES = ['demo1.spiders']
# 使用 genspider 命令创建新spider的模块。默认: 'xxx.spiders'
NEWSPIDER_MODULE = 'demo1.spiders'
# 爬取的默认User-Agent,除非被覆盖
USER_AGENT = 'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/76.0.3809.132 Safari/537.36'
# 保存log信息的文件名
LOG_LEVEL = "INFO"
LOG_STDOUT = True
LOG_ENCODING = 'utf-8'
# 路径 os.path.dirname(os.path.dirname(os.path.dirname(__file__)))
LOG_FILE = "SHANGSHIYAOPINGMULU_error.log"
# 禁止重镜像
REDIRECT_ENABLED = False
# 设置延时
import random
DOWNLOAD_DELAY = random.random() + random.random()
RANDOMIZE_DOWNLOAD_DELAY = True
# 如果启用,Scrapy将会采用 robots.txt策略
ROBOTSTXT_OBEY = True
# 设置重新发请求的状态码
RETRY_HTTP_CODES = [500, 520]
# Scrapy downloader 并发请求(concurrent requests)的最大值,默认: 16
CONCURRENT_REQUESTS = 32
# 爬虫允许的最大深度,可以通过meta查看当前深度;0表示无深度
DEPTH_LIMIT = 3
# 爬取时,0表示深度优先Lifo(默认);1表示广度优先FiFo
# 后进先出,深度优先
DEPTH_PRIORITY = 0
SCHEDULER_DISK_QUEUE = 'scrapy.squeue.PickleLifoDiskQueue'
SCHEDULER_MEMORY_QUEUE = 'scrapy.squeue.LifoMemoryQueue'
# 先进先出,广度优先
DEPTH_PRIORITY = 1
SCHEDULER_DISK_QUEUE = 'scrapy.squeue.PickleFifoDiskQueue'
SCHEDULER_MEMORY_QUEUE = 'scrapy.squeue.FifoMemoryQueue'
# 调度器队列
from scrapy.core.scheduler import Scheduler
SCHEDULER = 'scrapy.core.scheduler.Scheduler'
# 访问URL去重
# DUPEFILTER_CLASS = 'step8_king.duplication.RepeatUrl'
# 为同一网站的请求配置延迟(默认值:0)
# See http://scrapy.readthedocs.org/en/latest/topics/settings.html#download-delay
# See also autothrottle settings and docs
# 下载器在下载同一个网站下一个页面前需要等待的时间,该选项可以用来限制爬取速度,减轻服务器压力。同时也支持小数:0.25 以秒为单位
DOWNLOAD_DELAY = 3
# 下载延迟设置只有一个有效
# 对单个网站进行并发请求的最大值。
CONCURRENT_REQUESTS_PER_DOMAIN = 16
# 对单个IP进行并发请求的最大值。如果非0,则忽略 CONCURRENT_REQUESTS_PER_DOMAIN 设定,使用该设定。 也就是说,并发限制将针对IP,而不是网站。该设定也影响 DOWNLOAD_DELAY: 如果 CONCURRENT_REQUESTS_PER_IP 非0,下载延迟应用在IP而不是网站上。
CONCURRENT_REQUESTS_PER_IP = 16
# 禁用Cookie(默认情况下启用)
COOKIES_ENABLED = False
# 禁用Telnet控制台(默认启用)
TELNETCONSOLE_ENABLED = False
# 覆盖默认请求标头:
DEFAULT_REQUEST_HEADERS = {
'Accept': 'text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,*/*;q=0.8',
'Accept-Language': 'en',
}
# 启用或禁用蜘蛛中间件
# See http://scrapy.readthedocs.org/en/latest/topics/spider-middleware.html
SPIDER_MIDDLEWARES = {
'demo1.middlewares.Demo1SpiderMiddleware': 543,
}
# 启用或禁用下载器中间件
# See http://scrapy.readthedocs.org/en/latest/topics/downloader-middleware.html
DOWNLOADER_MIDDLEWARES = {
'demo1.middlewares.MyCustomDownloaderMiddleware': 543,
}
# 启用或禁用扩展程序
# See http://scrapy.readthedocs.org/en/latest/topics/extensions.html
EXTENSIONS = {
'scrapy.extensions.telnet.TelnetConsole': None,
}
# 配置项目管道
# See http://scrapy.readthedocs.org/en/latest/topics/item-pipeline.html
ITEM_PIPELINES = {
'demo1.pipelines.Demo1Pipeline': 300,
}
# 启用和配置AutoThrottle扩展(默认情况下禁用)(开始自动限速)
# See http://doc.scrapy.org/en/latest/topics/autothrottle.html
AUTOTHROTTLE_ENABLED = True
# 初始下载延迟
AUTOTHROTTLE_START_DELAY = 5
# 最大下载延迟
AUTOTHROTTLE_MAX_DELAY = 10
# 禁止重试
RETRY_ENABLED = False
# 下载超时
DOWNLOAD_TIMEOUT = 10
# 下载重试次数
RETRY_ITEMS=5
# 在高延迟的情况下设置的最大下载延迟
AUTOTHROTTLE_MAX_DELAY = 60
# Scrapy请求的平均数量应该并行发送每个远程服务器( 平均每秒并发数)
AUTOTHROTTLE_TARGET_CONCURRENCY = 1.0
# 启用显示所收到的每个响应的调节统计信息:
AUTOTHROTTLE_DEBUG = False
# 启用和配置HTTP缓存(默认情况下禁用)
# See http://scrapy.readthedocs.org/en/latest/topics/downloader-middleware.html#httpcache-middleware-settings
# # 是否启用缓存策略
HTTPCACHE_ENABLED = True
# 缓存策略:所有请求均缓存,下次在请求直接访问原来的缓存即可
HTTPCACHE_POLICY = "scrapy.extensions.httpcache.DummyPolicy"
# 缓存策略:根据Http响应头:Cache-Control、Last-Modified 等进行缓存的策略
HTTPCACHE_POLICY = "scrapy.extensions.httpcache.RFC2616Policy"
# 缓存超时时间
HTTPCACHE_EXPIRATION_SECS = 0
# 缓存保存路径
HTTPCACHE_DIR = 'httpcache'
# 缓存忽略的Http状态码
HTTPCACHE_IGNORE_HTTP_CODES = []
# 缓存存储的插件
HTTPCACHE_STORAGE = 'scrapy.extensions.httpcache.FilesystemCacheStorage'
"""
19. 代理,需要在环境变量中设置
from scrapy.contrib.downloadermiddleware.httpproxy import HttpProxyMiddleware
方式一:使用默认
os.environ
{
http_proxy:http://root:woshiniba@192.168.11.11:9999/
https_proxy:http://192.168.11.11:9999/
}
方式二:使用自定义下载中间件
def to_bytes(text, encoding=None, errors='strict'):
if isinstance(text, bytes):
return text
if not isinstance(text, six.string_types):
raise TypeError('to_bytes must receive a unicode, str or bytes '
'object, got %s' % type(text).__name__)
if encoding is None:
encoding = 'utf-8'
return text.encode(encoding, errors)
class ProxyMiddleware(object):
def process_request(self, request, spider):
PROXIES = [
{'ip_port': '111.11.228.75:80', 'user_pass': ''},
{'ip_port': '120.198.243.22:80', 'user_pass': ''},
{'ip_port': '111.8.60.9:8123', 'user_pass': ''},
{'ip_port': '101.71.27.120:80', 'user_pass': ''},
{'ip_port': '122.96.59.104:80', 'user_pass': ''},
{'ip_port': '122.224.249.122:8088', 'user_pass': ''},
]
proxy = random.choice(PROXIES)
if proxy['user_pass'] is not None:
request.meta['proxy'] = to_bytes("http://%s" % proxy['ip_port'])
encoded_user_pass = base64.encodestring(to_bytes(proxy['user_pass']))
request.headers['Proxy-Authorization'] = to_bytes('Basic ' + encoded_user_pass)
print "**************ProxyMiddleware have pass************" + proxy['ip_port']
else:
print "**************ProxyMiddleware no pass************" + proxy['ip_port']
request.meta['proxy'] = to_bytes("http://%s" % proxy['ip_port'])
DOWNLOADER_MIDDLEWARES = {
'step8_king.middlewares.ProxyMiddleware': 500,
}
"""
"""
20. Https访问
Https访问时有两种情况:
1. 要爬取网站使用的可信任证书(默认支持)
DOWNLOADER_HTTPCLIENTFACTORY = "scrapy.core.downloader.webclient.ScrapyHTTPClientFactory"
DOWNLOADER_CLIENTCONTEXTFACTORY = "scrapy.core.downloader.contextfactory.ScrapyClientContextFactory"
2. 要爬取网站使用的自定义证书
DOWNLOADER_HTTPCLIENTFACTORY = "scrapy.core.downloader.webclient.ScrapyHTTPClientFactory"
DOWNLOADER_CLIENTCONTEXTFACTORY = "step8_king.https.MySSLFactory"
# https.py
from scrapy.core.downloader.contextfactory import ScrapyClientContextFactory
from twisted.internet.ssl import (optionsForClientTLS, CertificateOptions, PrivateCertificate)
class MySSLFactory(ScrapyClientContextFactory):
def getCertificateOptions(self):
from OpenSSL import crypto
v1 = crypto.load_privatekey(crypto.FILETYPE_PEM, open('/Users/wupeiqi/client.key.unsecure', mode='r').read())
v2 = crypto.load_certificate(crypto.FILETYPE_PEM, open('/Users/wupeiqi/client.pem', mode='r').read())
return CertificateOptions(
privateKey=v1, # pKey对象
certificate=v2, # X509对象
verify=False,
method=getattr(self, 'method', getattr(self, '_ssl_method', None))
)
其他:
相关类
scrapy.core.downloader.handlers.http.HttpDownloadHandler
scrapy.core.downloader.webclient.ScrapyHTTPClientFactory
scrapy.core.downloader.contextfactory.ScrapyClientContextFactory
相关配置
DOWNLOADER_HTTPCLIENTFACTORY
DOWNLOADER_CLIENTCONTEXTFACTORY
"""
"""
21. 爬虫中间件
class SpiderMiddleware(object):
def process_spider_input(self,response, spider):
'''
下载完成,执行,然后交给parse处理
:param response:
:param spider:
:return:
'''
pass
def process_spider_output(self,response, result, spider):
'''
spider处理完成,返回时调用
:param response:
:param result:
:param spider:
:return: 必须返回包含 Request 或 Item 对象的可迭代对象(iterable)
'''
return result
def process_spider_exception(self,response, exception, spider):
'''
异常调用
:param response:
:param exception:
:param spider:
:return: None,继续交给后续中间件处理异常;含 Response 或 Item 的可迭代对象(iterable),交给调度器或pipeline
'''
return None
def process_start_requests(self,start_requests, spider):
'''
爬虫启动时调用
:param start_requests:
:param spider:
:return: 包含 Request 对象的可迭代对象
'''
return start_requests
内置爬虫中间件:
'scrapy.contrib.spidermiddleware.httperror.HttpErrorMiddleware': 50,
'scrapy.contrib.spidermiddleware.offsite.OffsiteMiddleware': 500,
'scrapy.contrib.spidermiddleware.referer.RefererMiddleware': 700,
'scrapy.contrib.spidermiddleware.urllength.UrlLengthMiddleware': 800,
'scrapy.contrib.spidermiddleware.depth.DepthMiddleware': 900,
"""
# from scrapy.contrib.spidermiddleware.referer import RefererMiddleware
# Enable or disable spider middlewares
# See http://scrapy.readthedocs.org/en/latest/topics/spider-middleware.html
SPIDER_MIDDLEWARES = {
# 'step8_king.middlewares.SpiderMiddleware': 543,
}
"""
22. 下载中间件
class DownMiddleware1(object):
def process_request(self, request, spider):
'''
请求需要被下载时,经过所有下载器中间件的process_request调用
:param request:
:param spider:
:return:
None,继续后续中间件去下载;
Response对象,停止process_request的执行,开始执行process_response
Request对象,停止中间件的执行,将Request重新调度器
raise IgnoreRequest异常,停止process_request的执行,开始执行process_exception
'''
pass
def process_response(self, request, response, spider):
'''
spider处理完成,返回时调用
:param response:
:param result:
:param spider:
:return:
Response 对象:转交给其他中间件process_response
Request 对象:停止中间件,request会被重新调度下载
raise IgnoreRequest 异常:调用Request.errback
'''
print('response1')
return response
def process_exception(self, request, exception, spider):
'''
当下载处理器(download handler)或 process_request() (下载中间件)抛出异常
:param response:
:param exception:
:param spider:
:return:
None:继续交给后续中间件处理异常;
Response对象:停止后续process_exception方法
Request对象:停止中间件,request将会被重新调用下载
'''
return None
默认下载中间件
{
'scrapy.contrib.downloadermiddleware.robotstxt.RobotsTxtMiddleware': 100,
'scrapy.contrib.downloadermiddleware.httpauth.HttpAuthMiddleware': 300,
'scrapy.contrib.downloadermiddleware.downloadtimeout.DownloadTimeoutMiddleware': 350,
'scrapy.contrib.downloadermiddleware.useragent.UserAgentMiddleware': 400,
'scrapy.contrib.downloadermiddleware.retry.RetryMiddleware': 500,
'scrapy.contrib.downloadermiddleware.defaultheaders.DefaultHeadersMiddleware': 550,
'scrapy.contrib.downloadermiddleware.redirect.MetaRefreshMiddleware': 580,
'scrapy.contrib.downloadermiddleware.httpcompression.HttpCompressionMiddleware': 590,
'scrapy.contrib.downloadermiddleware.redirect.RedirectMiddleware': 600,
'scrapy.contrib.downloadermiddleware.cookies.CookiesMiddleware': 700,
'scrapy.contrib.downloadermiddleware.httpproxy.HttpProxyMiddleware': 750,
'scrapy.contrib.downloadermiddleware.chunked.ChunkedTransferMiddleware': 830,
'scrapy.contrib.downloadermiddleware.stats.DownloaderStats': 850,
'scrapy.contrib.downloadermiddleware.httpcache.HttpCacheMiddleware': 900,
}
"""
# from scrapy.contrib.downloadermiddleware.httpauth import HttpAuthMiddleware
# Enable or disable downloader middlewares
# See http://scrapy.readthedocs.org/en/latest/topics/downloader-middleware.html
# DOWNLOADER_MIDDLEWARES = {
# 'step8_king.middlewares.DownMiddleware1': 100,
# 'step8_king.middlewares.DownMiddleware2': 500,
# }