用Python从零开始创建区块链

原文地址:https://learnblockchain.cn/2017/10/27/build_blockchain_by_python/
本文通过python编程实现了区块链的一个原型,通过代码可以形象地理解区块链的工作原理,具体细节请看原文。

代码地址:https://github.com/anda0109/pyblockchain
下面是完整代码:

import hashlib
import json
from time import time
from uuid import uuid4

from flask import Flask,jsonify,request
from urllib.parse import urlparse

import requests

class Blockchain(object):
    def __init__(self):
        self.chain = []
        self.current_transactions = []

        #Create the genesis block
        self.new_block(proof=100, previous_hash=1)

        #注册节点
        self.nodes = set()

    def register_node(self, address):
        parsed_url = urlparse(address)
        self.nodes.add(parsed_url.netloc)

    def valid_chain(self, chain):
        last_block = chain[0]
        current_index = 1

        while current_index < len(chain):
            block = chain[current_index]
            print(f'{last_block}')
            print(f'{block}')
            print("\n---------\n")
            #Check that the hash of the block is correct
            if block['previous_hash'] != self.hash(last_block):
                return False

            #Check that the proof of work is correct
            if not self.valid_proof(last_block['proof'], block['proof']):
                return False

            last_block = block
            current_index += 1

        return True

    def resolve_conflicts(self):
        """
        共识算法解决冲突
        使用网络中最长的链
        :return:<bool> True如果链被取代,否则为False
        """
        neighbours = self.nodes
        new_chain = None

        # We're only looking for chains longer than ours
        max_length = len(self.chain)

        #Grab and verify the chains from all the nodes in our network
        for node in neighbours:
            response = requests.get(f'http://{node}/chain')
            if response.status_code == 200:
                length = response.json()['length']
                chain = response.json()['chain']

                #Check if the length is longer and the chain is valid
                if length > max_length and self.valid_chain(chain):
                    max_length = length
                    new_chain = chain

        #Replace our chain if we discovered a new, valid chain longer than ours
        if new_chain:
            self.chain = new_chain
            return True
        return False

    def proof_of_work(self, last_proof):
        """
        简单的工作量证明:
         - 查找一个 p' 使得 hash(pp') 以4个0开头
         - p 是上一个块的证明,  p' 是当前的证明
        :param last_proof: <int>
        :return: <int>
        """
        proof = 0
        while self.valid_proof(last_proof, proof) is False:
            proof += 1
        return proof

    def new_block(self, proof, previous_hash=None):
        # Creates a new Block and adds it to the chain
        """
        生成新块
        :param proof: <int> The proof given by the Proof of Work algorithm
        :param previous_hash: (Optional) <str> Hash of previous Block
        :return: <dict> New Block
        """
        block = {
            'index': len(self.chain) + 1,
            'timestamp': time(),
            'transactions': self.current_transactions,
            'proof': proof,
            'previous_hash': previous_hash
        }

        #Reset the current list of transactions
        self.current_transactions = []

        self.chain.append(block)

        return block

    def new_transaction(self, sender, recipient, amount):
        # Adds a new transaction to the list of transactions
        """
        生成新交易信息,信息将加入到下一个待挖的区块中
        :param sender: <str> Address of the Sender
        :param recipient: <str> Address of the Recipient
        :param amount: <int> Amount
        :return: <int> The index of the Block that will hold this transaction
        """
        self.current_transactions.append(
            {
                'sender': sender,
                'recipient': recipient,
                'amount': amount
            }
        )
        return self.last_block['index'] + 1

    @staticmethod
    def hash(block):
        """
        生成块的 SHA-256 hash值
        :param block: <dict> Block
        :return: <str>
        """
        block_string = json.dumps(block, sort_keys=True).encode()
        return hashlib.sha256(block_string).hexdigest()

    @property
    def last_block(self):
        # Returns the last Block in the chain
        return self.chain[-1]

    @staticmethod
    def valid_proof(last_proof, proof):
        """
        验证证明: 是否hash(last_proof, proof)以4个0开头?
        :param last_proof: <int> Previous Proof
        :param proof: <int> Current Proof
        :return: <bool> True if correct, False if not.
        """
        guess = f'{last_proof}{proof}'.encode()
        guess_hash = hashlib.sha256(guess).hexdigest()
        return guess_hash[:4] == '0000'


# Instantiate our Node
app = Flask(__name__)

# Generate a globally unique address for this node
node_identifier = str(uuid4()).replace('-', '')

# Instantiate the Blockchain
blockchain = Blockchain()

@app.route('/mine',methods=['GET'])
def mine():
    #We run the proof of work algorithm to get the nex proof..
    last_block = blockchain.last_block
    last_proof = last_block['proof']
    proof = blockchain.proof_of_work(last_block)
    #给工作量证明的节点提供奖励
    #发送者为“0”表明是新挖出来的币
    blockchain.new_transaction(
        sender="0",
        recipient=node_identifier,
        amount=1,
    )
    #Forge the new Block by adding it to the chain
    block = blockchain.new_block(proof)

    response = {
        'message': "New block Forged",
        'index': block['index'],
        'transactions': block['transactions'],
        'proof': block['proof'],
        'previous_hash': block['previous_hash'],
    }
    return jsonify(response),200

@app.route('/transactions/new', methods=["POST"])
def new_transaction():
    values = request.get_json()

    #check that the required fields are in the POST'ed data
    required = ['sender','recipient','amount']
    if not all(k in values for k in required):
        return 'Missing values',400

    #Create a new Transaction
    index = blockchain.new_transaction(values['sender'],values['recipient'],values['amount'])

    response = {'message': f'Transaction will be added to Block {index}'}
    return jsonify(response),201

@app.route('/chain', methods=["GET"])
def full_chain():
    response = {
        'chain': blockchain.chain,
        'length': len(blockchain.chain)
    }
    return jsonify(response),200

@app.route('/nodes/register', methods=['POST'])
def register_nodes():
    values = request.get_json()

    nodes = values.get('nodes')
    if nodes is None:
        return "Error: Please supply a valid list of nodes",400

    for node in nodes:
        blockchain.register_node(node)

    response = {
        'message': 'New nodes have been added',
        'total_nodes': list(blockchain.nodes),
    }
    return jsonify(response),201

@app.route('/nodes/resolve', methods=['GET'])
def consensus():
    replaced = blockchain.resolve_conflicts()

    if replaced:
        response = {
            'message': 'Our chain was replaced',
            'new_chain': blockchain.chain,
        }
    else:
        response = {
            'message': 'Our chain is authoritative',
            'chain': blockchain.chain,
        }
    return jsonify(response), 200

if __name__ == '__main__':
    app.run(host='0.0.0.0', port=5001)
node.js Windowv 上安装Node.js Windows 安装包(.msi) : 32 位安装包下载地址 : http://nodejs.org/dist/v0.10.26/node-v0.10.26-x86.msi 64 位安装包下载地址 : http://nodejs.org/dist/v0.10.26/x64/node-v0.10.26-x64.msi 安装步骤: 步骤 1 : 双击下载后的安装包 node-v0.10.26-x86.msi,如下所示: install-node-msi-version-on-windows-step1 步骤 2 : 点击以上的Run(运行),将出现如下界面: install-node-msi-version-on-windows-step2 步骤 3 : 勾选接受协议选项,点击 next(下一步) 按钮 : install-node-msi-version-on-windows-step3 步骤 4 : Node.js默认安装目录为 "C:\Program Files\nodejs\" , 你可以修改目录,并点击 next(下一步): install-node-msi-ve rsion-on-windows-step4 步骤 5 : 点击树形图标来选择你需要的安装模式 , 然后点击下一步 next(下一步) install-node-msi-version-on-windows-step5 步骤 6 :点击 Install(安装) 开始安装Node.js。你也可以点击 Back(返回)来修改先前的配置。 然后并点击 next(下一步): install-node-msi-version-on-windows-step6 安装过程: install-node-msi-version-on-windows-step7 点击 Finish(完成)按钮退出安装向导。 install-node-msi-version-on-windows-step8 检测PATH环境变量是否配置了Node.js,点击开始=》运行=》输入"cmd" => 输入命令"path",输出如下结果: PATH=C:\oraclexe\app\oracle\product\10.2.0\server\bin;C:\Windows\system32; C:\Windows;C:\Windows\System32\Wbem;C:\Windows\System32\WindowsPowerShell\v1.0\; c:\python32\python;C:\MinGW\bin;C:\Program Files\GTK2-Runtime\lib; C:\Program Files\MySQL\MySQL Server 5.5\bin;C:\Program Files\nodejs\; C:\Users\rg\AppData\Roaming\npm 我们可以看到环境变量中已经包含了C:\Program Files\nodejs\ 检查Node.js版本 node-version-test Windows 二进制文件 (.exe)安装 : 32 位安装包下载地址 : http://nodejs.org/dist/v0.10.26/node.exe 64 位安装包下载地址 : http://nodejs.org/dist/v0.10.26/x64/node.exe 安装步骤 步骤 1 : 双击下载的安装包 Node.exe ,将出现如下界面 : install-node-exe-on-windows-step1 点击 Run(运行)按钮将出现命令行窗口: install-node-exe-on-windows-step21 版本测试 进入 node.exe 所在的目录,如下所示: node-version 如果你获得以上输出结果,说明你已经成功安装了Node.js。 Linux上安装 Node.js Ubuntu 源码安装 以下部分我们将介绍在Ubuntu Linux下安装 Node.js 。 其他的Linux系统,如Centos等类似如下安装步骤。 在 Github 上获取 Node.js 源码: install-node-msi-version-on-linux-step1 install-node-msi-version-on-linux-step2 在完成下载后,将源码包名改为 'node'。 install-node-msi-version-on-linux-step3 修改目录权限: install-node-msi-version-on-linux-step4 使用 './configure' 创建编译文件。 install-node-msi-version-on-linux-step5 编译: make。 install-node-msi-version-on-linux-step6 完成安装: make install。 install-node-msi-version-on-linux-step7 最后我们输入'node --version' 命令来查看Node.js是否安装成功。 install-node-msi-version-on-linux-step8 Ubuntu apt-get命令安装 命令格式如下: sudo apt-get install nodejs sudo apt-get install npm centOS下安装nodejs 1、下载源码,你需要在http://nodejs.org/下载最新的Nodejs版本,本文以v0.10.24为例: cd /usr/local/src/ wget http://nodejs.org/dist/v0.10.24/node-v0.10.24.tar.gz 2、解压源码 tar zxvf node-v0.10.24.tar.gz 3、 编译安装 cd node-v0.10.24 ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/node/0.10.24 make make install 4、 配置NODE_HOME,进入profile编辑环境变量 vim /etc/profile 设置nodejs环境变量,在export PATH USER LOGNAME MAIL HOSTNAME HISTSIZE HISTCONTROL 一行的上面添加如下内容: #set for nodejs export NODE_HOME=/usr/local/node/0.10.24 export PATH=$NODE_HOME/bin:$PATH :wq保存并退出,编译/etc/profile 使配置生效 source /etc/profile 验证是否安装配置成功 node -v 输出 v0.10.24 表示配置成功 npm模块安装路径 /usr/local/node/0.10.24/lib/node_modules/ 注:Nodejs 官网提供了编译好的Linux二进制包,你也可以下载下来直接应用。
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