zlib gzip bz2 tarfile zipfile | 压缩解压缩 | >>> import zlib
>>> s = 'witch which has which witches wrist watch'
>>> len(s)
41
>>> t = zlib.compress(s)
>>> len(t)
37
>>> zlib.decompress(t)
'witch which has which witches wrist watch'
>>> zlib.crc32(s)
226805979 |
timeit | 测量时间 | >>> from timeit import Timer
>>> Timer('t=a; a=b; b=t', 'a=1; b=2').timeit()
0.57535828626024577
>>> Timer('a,b = b,a', 'a=1; b=2').timeit()
0.54962537085770791 |
unittest | 单元测试 | import unittest
class TestStatisticalFunctions(unittest.TestCase):
def test_average(self):
self.assertEqual(average([20, 30, 70]), 40.0)
self.assertEqual(round(average([1, 5, 7]), 1), 4.3)
self.assertRaises(ZeroDivisionError, average, [])
self.assertRaises(TypeError, average, 20, 30, 70)
unittest.main() # Calling from the command line invokes all tests |
Template | 模板替换 | >>> t = Template('${village} folk send $$10 to $cause')
>>> t.safe_substitute(village='nottingham', cause='the ditch fund')
'village folk send $10 to the ditch fund'
|
MultiThread | 多线程 | import threading, zipfile
class AsyncZip(threading.Thread):
def __init__(self, infile, outfile):
threading.Thread.__init__(self)
self.infile = infile
self.outfile = outfile
def run(self):
f = zipfile.ZipFile(self.outfile, 'w', zipfile.ZIP_DEFLATED)
f.write(self.infile)
f.close()
print('Finished background zip of:', self.infile)
background = AsyncZip('mydata.txt', 'myarchive.zip')
background.start()
print('The main program continues to run in foreground.')
background.join() # Wait for the background task to finish
print('Main program waited until background was done.') |
Logging | 日志 | import logging
logging.debug('Debugging information')
logging.info('Informational message')
logging.warning('Warning:config file %s not found', 'server.conf')
logging.error('Error occurred')
logging.critical('Critical error -- shutting down')
WARNING:root:Warning:config file server.conf not found
ERROR:root:Error occurred
CRITICAL:root:Critical error -- shutting down
|
Weak References | 弱指针 | import gc
import weakref
class Value:
def __init__(self, value=0):
self.value = value
def __repr__(self):
return str(self.value)
if __name__ == '__main__':
d = {}
v = Value(10)
d['myvalue'] = v
del v
gc.collect()
print(d['myvalue'])
e = weakref.WeakValueDictionary()
v = Value(11)
e['myvalue'] = v
del v
gc.collect()
print(e['myvalue'])
|
array deque bisect heapq | 容器 | |
decimal | 精确计算 | >>> Decimal('1.00') % Decimal('.10')
Decimal("0.00")
>>> 1.00 % 0.10
0.09999999999999995
>>> sum([Decimal('0.1')]*10) == Decimal('1.0')
True
>>> sum([0.1]*10) == 1.0
False
>>> getcontext().prec = 36
>>> Decimal(1) / Decimal(7)
Decimal("0.142857142857142857142857142857142857")
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