-- 数据的准备
-- 创建一个数据库
create database python_test charset=utf8;
如果忘记写 charset=utf8 ，则用 alter database python_test charset=utf8; 进行修改
-- 使用一个数据库
use python_test;
--显示使用的当前数据库是哪个?
select databases();
--创建一个数据表
-- students表
create table students(
id int unsigned primary key auto_increment not null,
name varchar(20) default '',
age tinyint unsigned default 0,
height decimal(5,2),
gender enum('男','女','中性','保密') default '保密',
cls_id int unsigned default 0,
is_delete bit default 0
);
-- classes表
create table classes (
id int unsigned auto_increment primary key not null,
name varchar(30) not null
);
-- 向students表中插入数据
insert into students values
(0,'小明',18,180.00,2,1,0),
(0,'小月月',18,180.00,2,2,1),
(0,'彭于晏',29,185.00,1,1,0),
(0,'刘德华',59,175.00,1,2,1),
(0,'黄蓉',38,160.00,2,1,0),
(0,'凤姐',28,150.00,4,2,1),
(0,'王祖贤',18,172.00,2,1,1),
(0,'周杰伦',36,NULL,1,1,0),
(0,'程坤',27,181.00,1,2,0),
(0,'刘亦菲',25,166.00,2,2,0),
(0,'金星',33,162.00,3,3,1),
(0,'静香',12,180.00,2,4,0),
(0,'郭靖',12,170.00,1,4,0),
(0,'周杰',34,176.00,2,5,0);
-- 向classes表中插入数据
insert into classes values (0, "python_01期"), (0, "python_02期");
-- 查询
-- 查询所有字段
-- select * from 表名;
select * from students;
select * from classes;
select id, name from classes;
-- 查询指定字段
-- select 列1,列2,... from 表名;
select name, age from classes;
-- 使用 as 给字段起别名
-- select 字段 as 别名.... from 表名;（as 可以省略，别名可以用引号括起来，也可以不用）
select name as 姓名, age as 年龄 from classes;
-- select 表名.字段 .... from 表名;
select students.name, students.age from students;
-- 可以通过 as 给表起别名
-- select 别名.字段 .... from 表名 as 别名;
select students.name, students.age from students;
select s.name, s.age from students as s;
-- select students.name, students.age from students as s;（失败）
-- 消除重复行
-- distinct 字段
select distinct gender from students;
-- 条件查询
-- 比较运算符
-- select .... from 表名 where .....
-- >
-- 查询大于18岁的信息
select * from students where age>18;
select id,name,gender from students where age>18;
-- <
-- 查询小于18岁的信息
select * from students where age<18;
-- >=
-- <=
-- 查询小于或等于18岁的信息
select * from students where age<=18;
-- =
--查询年龄为18岁的所有学生的名字
select * from students where age=18;
-- != 或者 <>（常用!=）
-- 逻辑运算符
-- and （and左边和右边必须写全）
-- 18到28岁之间所有学生的信息
select * from students where age>18 and age<28;
-- select * from students where 18<age<28;（不报错，但是不正确）
-- select * from students where age>18 and <28;（失败）
--18岁以上的女性
select * from students where age>18 and gender="女";
select * from students where age>18 and gender=2;
-- or
--18岁以上或者身高查过180(包含)以上
select * from students where age>18 and height>=180;
-- not
-- 不在18岁以上 并且是女性 这个范围内的信息
select * from students where not age>18 and gender=2;
-- 不在 18岁以上的女性 这个范围内的信息
select * from students where not (age>18 and gender=2);
温馨提示：优先级不要背，可以用括号
-- 年龄不是小于或者等于18 并且是女性
select * from students where (not age<=18) and gender=2;
-- 模糊查询（效率比较低，需要匹配）
-- like
-- % 替换0个、1个或者多个
-- _ 替换1个
-- 查询姓名中 以 "小" 开始的名字
-- select name from students where name="小";（错误）
select name from students where name like "小%";
-- 查询姓名中 有"小" 所有的名字
select name from students where name like "%小%";
-- 查询有2个字的名字
select name from students where name like "__";
-- 查询有3个字的名字
select name from students where name like "___";
-- 查询至少有2个字的名字
select name from students where name like "__%";
-- rlike 正则
-- 查询以 周开始的姓名
select name from students where name rlike "^周.*";
-- 查询以 周开始、伦结尾的姓名
select name from students where name rlike "^周.*伦$";
-- 范围查询
-- in（1, 3，8 ）表示在一个非连续的范围内
-- 查询 年龄为18、34的名字
select name,age from students where age=18 or age=34;
select name,age from students where age=18 or age=34 or age=12;
select name,age from students where age in (12, 18, 34);
-- not in 不非连续的范围之内
-- 年龄不是 18、34岁之间的信息
select name,age from students where age not in (12, 18, 34);
-- between ... and ...表示在一个连续的范围内
-- 查询 年龄在18到34之间的信息
select name,age from students where age between 18 and 34;
-- not between ... and ...表示不在一个连续的范围内
-- 查询 年龄不在在18到34之间的的信息
select * from students where age not between 18 and 34;
-- not between ... and ...是一种语法，不能把(between ... and ...)当成一个范围，再取反
-- select * from students where age not (between 18 and 34);（失败）
select * from students where not age between 18 and 34;
-- 空判断
-- 判空is null
-- 查询身高为空的信息
select * from students where height is null;
select * from students where height is NULL;
select * from students where height is Null;
-- 判非空is not null
select * from students where height is not null;
-- 判空字符串 = ""
select * from students where height = "";
-- 判非空字符串!= ""
select * from students where height != "";
-- 排序
-- order by 字段
-- asc从小到大排列，即升序
-- desc从大到小排序，即降序
-- 查询年龄在18到34岁之间的男性，按照年龄从小到到排序
select * from students where (age between 18 and 34) and gender=1;
select * from students where (age between 18 and 34) and gender=1 order by age;
select * from students where (age between 18 and 34) and gender=1 order by age asc;
-- 查询年龄在18到34岁之间的女性，身高从高到矮排序
select * from students where age between 18 and 34 and gender=2 order by height desc;
-- 加括号增强可读性
select * from students where (age between 18 and 34) and gender=2 order by height desc;
-- order by 多个字段
-- 查询年龄在18到34岁之间的女性，身高从高到矮排序, 如果身高相同的情况下按照年龄从小到大排序
select * from students where (age between 18 and 34) and gender=2 order by height desc, age asc;
-- 查询年龄在18到34岁之间的女性，身高从高到矮排序, 如果身高相同的情况下按照年龄从小到大排序,
-- 如果年龄也相同那么按照id动大到小排序
select * from students where (age between 18 and 34) and gender=2 order by height desc, age asc, id desc;
-- 按照年龄从小到大、身高从高到矮的排序
select * from students order by age asc, height desc;
-- 默认asc 可以不写
select * from students order by age, height desc;
-- 聚合函数
-- 总数
-- count
-- 查询男性有多少人，女性有多少人
select * from students where gender=1;
select count(*) from students where gender=1;
select count(*) as 男性人数 from students where gender=1;
select count(*) as 女性人数 from students where gender=2;
提示：建议使用count(*)统计所有数据数量，如果使用其他字段则不会统计null
-- 如果name 为 null，则不统计在内
select count(name) as 女性人数 from students where gender=2;
-- 最大值
-- max
-- 查询最大的年龄
select age from students;
select max(age) from students;
-- 查询女性的最高 身高
select max(height) from students where gender=2;
-- 最小值
-- min
-- 查询女性的最低 身高
select min(height) from students where gender=2;
-- 求和
-- sum
-- 计算所有人的年龄总和
select sum(age) from students;
-- 平均值
-- avg
-- 计算平均年龄
select avg(age) from students;
-- 计算平均年龄 sum(age)/count(*)
select sum(age)/count(*) from students;
-- 四舍五入 round(123.23 , 1) 保留1位小数
-- 精确数据（如银行账户）不能用round，可以先扩大100倍存储到数据库，使用时再通过逻辑除以100
-- 计算所有人的平均年龄，保留2位小数
select round(sum(age)/count(*), 2) from students;
select round(sum(age)/count(*), 3) from students;
-- 计算男性的平均身高 保留2位小数
select round(avg(height), 2) from students where gender=1;
-- select name, round(avg(height), 2) from students where gender=1;（失败）
-- 分组
-- group by
-- 按照性别分组, 查询所有的性别
-- select name from students group by gender;（失败）
-- select * from students group by gender;（失败）
select gender from students group by gender;
-- 计算每种性别中的人数
select gender,count(*) from students group by gender;
-- 计算男性的人数
select gender,count(*) from students where gender=1 group by gender;
-- group_concat(...)
-- 查询同种性别中的姓名
select gender, group_concat(name) from students where gender=1 group by gender;
select gender, group_concat(name, age, id) from students where gender=1 group by gender;
select gender, group_concat(name, "_", age, " ", id) from students where gender=1 group by gender;
-- having：对分组进行条件判断
-- 查询平均年龄超过30岁的性别，以及姓名 having avg(age) > 30
select gender, group_concat(name), avg(age) from students group by gender having avg(age)>30;
-- 查询每种性别中的人数多于2个的信息
select gender, group_concat(name) from students group by gender having count(*)>2;
提示：
where 与having 的区别：
1.位置不同：where 在 group by 前边；having 在group by 后边
2.where 是对数据的筛选；having 是对分组的筛选
如：select cls_id,count(*) from students where id>3 group by cls_id having count(*)>2;
-- 分页
-- limit start, count
-- 限制查询出来的数据个数
select * from students where gender=1 limit 2;
-- 查询前5个数据
select * from students limit 0,5;
-- 查询id6-10（包含）的书序
select * from students limit 5,5;
-- 每页显示2个，第1个页面
select * from students limit 0,2;
-- 每页显示2个，第2个页面
select * from students limit 2,2;
-- 每页显示2个，第3个页面
select * from students limit 4,2;
-- 每页显示2个，第4个页面
select * from students limit 6,2;-- -----> limit (第N页-1)*每个的个数, 每页的个数;
-- 每页显示2个，显示第6页的信息, 按照年龄从小到大排序
-- select * from students limit 2*(6-1),2;（失败）
-- select * from students limit 10,2 order by age asc;（失败）
select * from students order by age asc limit 10,2;
select * from students where gender=2 order by age desc limit 0,2;
-- 链接查询
-- inner join ... on（内连接）
-- select * from 表A inner join 表B;
select * from students inner join classes;
-- 查询 有能够对应班级的学生以及班级信息（on 后边为条件）
select * from students inner join classes on students.cls_id=classes.id;
-- 按照要求显示姓名、班级
select students.*, classes.name from students inner join classes on students.cls_id=classes.id;
select students.name, classes.name from students inner join classes on students.cls_id=classes.id;
-- 给数据表起名字
select s.name, c.name from students as s inner join classes as c on s.cls_id=c.id;
-- 查询 又能够对应班级的学生以及班级信息, 显示学生的所有信息, 只显示班级名称
select s.*,c.name from students as s inner join classes as c on s.cls_id=c.id;
-- 在以上的查询中，将班级姓名显示在第1列
select c.name,s.* from students as s inner join classes as c on s.cls_id=c.id;
-- 查询 有能够对应班级的学生以及班级信息, 按照班级进行排序
-- select c.xxx s.xxx from student as s inner join clssses as c on .... order by ....;
select c.name, s.* from students as s inner join classes as c on s.cls_id=c.id order by c.name;
-- 当时同一个班级的时候, 按照学生的id进行从小到大排序
select c.name, s.* from students as s inner join classes as c on s.cls_id=c.id order by c.name,s.id;
-- left join
-- 查询每位学生对应的班级信息
select * from students as s left join classes as c on s.cls_id=c.id;
-- 查询没有对应班级信息的学生（原表查找数据一般用where）
-- select ... from xxx as s left join xxx as c on..... where .....（可以用）
-- select ... from xxx as s left join xxx as c on..... having .....（推荐用）
select s.*, c.name from students as s left join classes as c on s.cls_id=c.id where c.name is null;
select s.*, c.name from students as s left join classes as c on s.cls_id=c.id having c.name is null;
小提示：内连接取交集（显示两个表都有的数据）、左链接以左边为基准，没有相应数据的补null，见下图：
-- right join
-- 将数据表名字互换位置，用left join完成
-- 自关联
-- 省级联动 url：http://demo.lanrenzhijia.com/2014/city0605/
-- 创建areas表的语句如下：
create table areas(
aid int primary key,
atitle varchar(20),
pid int
);
-- 从sql文件中导入数据
source areas.sql;
-- 查询所有省份
select * from areas where pid is null;
-- 查询出山东省有哪些市
select * from areas as province inner join areas as city on city.pid=province.aid having province.atitle="山东省";
select province.atitle, city.atitle from areas as province inner join areas as city on city.pid=province.aid having province.atitle="山东省";
-- 查询出青岛市有哪些县城
select * from areas as city inner join areas as province on city.pid=province.aid where province.atitle="青岛市";
-- 子查询
-- 标量子查询
-- 查询出高于平均身高的信息
select * from students where height > (select avg(height) from students);
-- 查询最高的男生信息
select * from students where height = 188;
select * from students where height = (select max(height) from students);
-- 列级子查询
-- 查询学生的班级号能够对应的学生信息
select * from students where cls_id in (1, 2);
select * from students where cls_id in (select id from classes);
温馨提示：
MySQL注释格式为：-- 注释（注意，“--”与“注释”之间必须有一个空格，否则报错）
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