[学习笔记—Objective-C]《Objective-C 程序设计第6版》第十五章数字字符串和集合

本文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/apple890111/article/details/46810359

第十三章主要讲解C语言的语法，书中作者不提倡第一次阅读本书时阅读，故略过。
第十四章介绍Foundation框架，内容比较少，也就此略过。

Part 1. 数字对象

基本的数据类型不是对象，因此不能给他们发信息。但是有的时候需要将这些值作为对象使用：NSArry创建的数组存储的值必须是对象，因此数据类型无法直接存储到数组中，需要NSNumber类，依据数据的类型创建对象。
NSNumber类：每种基本数据类型，NSNumber的类方法都能为它创建一个NSNumber对象。

        NSNumber *myNumber, *floatNumber, *intNumber; //NSNumber对象
        NSInteger myInt; //NSInteger:基本数据类型的typedef(64位long或者32为int)

        //创建integer 整型        
        intNumber = [NSNumber numberWithInteger:100];
        myInt = [intNumber integerValue];//获取存储在intNumber中的整型值
        NSLog(@"%li", (long)myInt);      //将myInt转换为long型

        //创建long 型值        
        myNumber = [NSNumber numberWithLong:0xabcdf];
        NSLog(@"%lx", [myNumber longValue]);

        //创建char 型值
        myNumber = [NSNumber numberWithChar:'X'];
        NSLog(@"%c", [myNumber charValue]);

        //创建float 型值        
        floatNumber = [NSNumber numberWithFloat:100.00];
        NSLog(@"%g", [floatNumber floatValue]);

        //创建double 型值        
        myNumber = [NSNumber numberWithDouble:12345e+15];
        NSLog(@"%lg", [myNumber doubleValue]);

        //发生错误：存储的类型和提取的类型应该一致
        NSLog(@"%li", (long) [myNumber integerValue]);

        //验证两个number是否相等        
        if ([intNumber isEqualToNumber:floatNumber] == YES)
            NSLog(@"Numbers are equal");
        else
            NSLog(@"Numbers are not equal");

        //验证一个Number是否小于，等于，或大于另一个Number
        if ([intNumber compare:myNumber] == NSOrderedAscending)
            NSLog(@"First number is less than second");
        //相等：NSOrderdSame
        //大于：NSOrderdDescending

注意：不能修改前面创建的NSNumber的值：所有数字对象都必须是新创建的。
- 对NSNumber类调用numberWith方法
- 对alloc方法的结果调用initWith方法
通过@表达式创建数字对象

        NSNumber *myNumber, *floatNumber, *intNumber;
        NSInteger myInt;

        //整型 integer

        intNumber = @100;
        myInt = [intNumber integerValue];
        NSLog(@"%li", (long) myInt);

        //长整型long value
        myNumber = @0xabcdefL;
        NSLog(@"%lx", [myNumber longValue]);

        myNumber = @'X';
        NSLog(@"%c", [myNumber charValue]);

        //浮点型
        floatNumber = @100.0f;
        NSLog(@"%g", [floatNumber floatValue]);

Part 2. 字符串对象

Part 2.1 NSLog函数

        //常量字符串对象 Programming is fun 被赋值给NSString变量str

        NSString *str = @"Programming is fun"; 
        NSLog(@"%@",str);

Part 2.2 可变对象与不可变对象

处理不可变对象

        NSString *str1 = @"This is string A"; //常量字符串对象 指向了内存中的某处字符串对象
        NSString *str2 = @"This is string B"; //常量字符串
        NSString *res;
        NSComparisonResult compareResult;     //保存结果        

        //将一个字符串赋复制到另一个字符串        
        res = [NSString stringWithString:str1]; //str1 赋值给res，字符串内容的复制，产生新的字符串，str1和res指向两个不同的字符串对象;而res=str1:同一对象的另一个引用

        //将一个字符串复制到另一个字符串的末尾        
        str2 = [str1 stringByAppendingString:str2]; //产生新的字符串对象，原字符串对象str1和str2没有被更改：因为是不可变字符串对象       

        //将字符串转换为大写       
        res = [str1 uppercaseString]; //res指向新字符串对象（大写），str1仍然指向原来的字符串对象       

        //字符串转换为小写        
        res = [str1 lowercaseString]; //原来的大写字符不再被引用。小写字符串的引用存在res中

        NSString *str1 = @"This is string A";
        NSString *str2 = @"This is string B";
        NSString *res; 
        NSRange subRange;//subRange是结构变量

        //从字符串中提取前三个字符        
        res = [str1 substringToIndex:3];//创建一个子字符串，首字符到指定的索引数。0，1，2
        NSLog(@"First 3 chars of str1: %@", res);

        //提取从索引5开始直到结尾的子字符串        
        res = [str1 substringFromIndex:5];//返回一个子字符串，指定索引字符到字符串结尾

        //提取从索引8开始到索引13的字符串（6个字符：13-8+1 = 6）        
        res = [ [str1 substringFromIndex:8] substringToIndex:6];
        NSLog(@"Chars from index 8 through 13: %@", res);

        //更简单的方法        
        res = [str1 substringWithRange: NSMakeRange(8, 6)];
        NSLog(@"Chars from index 8 through 13: %@",res);

        //从另一个字符串中查找一个字符串
        subRange = [str1 rangeOfString: @"string A"];
        NSLog(@"String is at index %lu, lenth is %lu", subRange.location, subRange.length);//结构成员操作符:(.)

可变字符串

        NSString *str1 = @"This is string A";
        NSString *search, *replace;
        NSMutableString *mstr; //用来存储在程序执行过程中值可能更改的字符串对象
        NSRange substr;

        //从不可变字符串创建可变字符串
        mstr = [NSMutableString stringWithString: str1]; //返回可变的字符串对象

        //插入字符
        [mstr insertString:@" mutable" atIndex:7];

        //插入末尾进行有效拼接
        [mstr insertString:@" and string B" atIndex:[mstr length]];

        //直接在末尾添加
        [mstr appendString:@" and string C"];

        //根据范围范围删除子字符串 从索引数16开始删除13个字符。
        [mstr deleteCharactersInRange: NSMakeRange(16, 13)];

        //查找然后将其删除        
        substr = [mstr rangeOfString:@"string B and "];

        if (substr.location != NSNotFound){
            [mstr deleteCharactersInRange:substr];
            NSLog(@"%@", mstr);
        }

        //直接设置为可变的字符串        
        [mstr setString:@"This is string A"];
        NSLog(@"%@", mstr);

        //替换一些字符
        [mstr replaceCharactersInRange:NSMakeRange(8, 8) withString:@"a mutable string"];

        //查找和替换
        search = @"This is";
        replace = @"An example of";

        substr = [mstr rangeOfString:search];

        if (substr.location != NSNotFound){
            [mstr replaceCharactersInRange:substr withString:replace];

            NSLog(@"%@",mstr);
        }

        //查找和替换所有的匹配项

        search = @"a";
        replace = @"X";

        substr = [mstr rangeOfString:search];

        while (substr.location != NSNotFound) {
            [mstr replaceCharactersInRange:substr withString:replace];

            substr = [mstr rangeOfString:search];
        }
        NSLog(@"%@", mstr);

Part 3. 数组对象

不可变数组：NSArray
可变数组：NSMutableArray

int main(int argc, const char * argv[]) {

    int i;

    @autoreleasepool {
    //创造和返回一个数组 : arrayWithObjects

    NSArray *monthNames = [ NSArray arrayWithObjects:                   
@"January", @"February", @"March", @"April", @"May",@"June",@"July",@"August",@"September",
@"October", @"November", @"December", nil]; //12个字符串，索引从0开始 0~11

        //列出数组中所有的元素        
        NSLog(@"Month  Name");
        NSLog(@"=====  ====");        

        for (i = 0; i < 12; ++i)           
        NSLog(@"%2i     %@", i+1, [monthNames objectAtIndex:i]); 
        // objectAtIndex:索引元素

    }
    return 0;
}

简单创建NSArray对象：

//创建NSArray对象
@[elem1, elem2, ... elemn];

//引用数组元素
array [index]; //等价于：[array objectAtIndex: index]

//将对象的引用存储到数组中
array [index] = object; //等价于：[array setObject: object forIndex: index]

创建一个包含各月份的数组

int main(int argc, const char * argv[]) {

    int i;

    @autoreleasepool {

        //创建一个包含各月份名称的数组

        NSArray *monthNames = @[ @"January", @"February", @"March", @"April", @"May", @"June", @"July",@"August",@"September",@"October", @"November", @"December"];

        //列出数组中的所有元素        
        NSLog(@"Month Name");
        NSLog(@"===== ====");

        for (i = 0; i<12; ++i)
        {
            NSLog(@" %2i  %@", i+1, monthNames[i]);
        }       
    }
    return 0;
}

数字对象的数组

        NSMutableArray *numbers = [NSMutableArray array]; //创建空的可变数组对象，数组元素的个数并未指定
        int i;

        //创建0~9数字的数组        
        for (i = 0; i < 10; ++i)
        {
            numbers[i] = @(i); //在数组末尾添加一个对象：[numbers addObject: @(i)];
        }

        //显示数组每个元素的值        
        for (i = 0; i < 10; ++i)
        {
            NSLog(@"%@", numbers[i]);
        }

        //使带有%@格式的NSLog显示       
        NSLog(@"====== Using a single NSLog");
        NSLog(@"%@", numbers);

地址簿实例:
一个可以进行添加，删除，搜索，排序地址卡片(姓名+邮件)的地址簿

AddressCard.h

#import <Foundation/Foundation.h>

@interface AddressCard : NSObject

@property (copy, nonatomic) NSString *name, *email;

-(void) setName:(NSString *) theName andEmail: (NSString *) theEmail; //设置名字，邮件(字符串)
-(void) print; //打印名片

-(NSComparisonResult) compareNames: (id) element;//比较两个字符串

@end

AddressCard.m

#import "AddressCard.h"

@implementation AddressCard
@synthesize name, email;

-(void) setName:(NSString *) theName andEmail: (NSString *) theEmail
{
    self.name = theName;
    self.email = theEmail;
}

-(NSComparisonResult) compareNames: (id) element
{
    return [name compare: [element name]];//两个字符串的比较，返回比较结果
}

-(void) print 
{
    NSLog(@"==============================");
    NSLog(@"|                            |");
    NSLog(@"|  %-31s  |",  [name UTF8String]);
    NSLog(@"|  %-31s  |",  [email UTF8String]);
    NSLog(@"|                            |");
    NSLog(@"==============================");
}

@end

AddressBook.h

#import <Foundation/Foundation.h>
#import "AddressCard.h"

@interface AddressBook : NSObject

@property (nonatomic, copy) NSString *bookName;
@property (nonatomic, strong) NSMutableArray *book;

-(instancetype) initWithName: (NSString *) name; //设置初始数组

-(void) addCard: (AddressCard *) theCard; //向地址簿添加名片
-(void) removeCard: (AddressCard *) theCard;//向地址簿移除名片

-(AddressCard *) lookup: (NSString *) theName; //查找名片

-(int) entries; //获取名片的数量
-(void) list;   //显示地址簿的全部内容
-(void) sort;   //排序地址簿中的名片

@end

AddressBook.m

#import "AddressBook.h"

@implementation AddressBook

@synthesize bookName, book;

//设置addressbook的名称和一个空的addressbook

-(instancetype) initWithName:(NSString *)name //返回值类型定义为:一般的对象类型
{
    if (self) {
        bookName = [ NSString stringWithString:name ];//将方法参数传递过来的字符串复制一份存储在实例变量bookName中
        book = [ NSMutableArray array ];//再创建一个空的NSMutableArray对象赋值给book
    }

    return self;
}

-(instancetype) init
{
    return [self initWithName:@"NoName"];

}

-(void) addCard:(AddressCard *)theCard //将AdrressCard作为参数，添加到地址簿中
{
    [book addObject: theCard];
}


-(void) removeCard: (AddressCard *) theCard
{
    [book removeObjectIdenticalTo: theCard];
}

-(int) entries //返回地址簿中存储的地址卡片数目
{
    return [book count]; //count方法返回数组元素的个数;
}

-(void) list
{
    NSLog(@"========== Contents of: %@ =========", bookName);

    for ( AddressCard *theCard in book) //book数组的每个元素序列使用快速枚举技术
        NSLog(@"%-20s   %-32s", [theCard.name UTF8String],[theCard.email UTF8String]);

    NSLog(@"=======================================================");
}

-(void) sort
{
    [book sortUsingSelector:@selector(compareNames:)]; //sortUsingSelector:比较数组中的两个元素
}

-(AddressCard *) lookup: (NSString *) theName
{
    for (AddressCard *nextCard in book) //快速枚举
        if ( [nextCard.name caseInsensitiveCompare: theName] == NSOrderedSame)
            return nextCard;

    return nil;
}

@end

main:

#import <Foundation/Foundation.h>
#import "AddressBook.h"
#import "AddressCard.h"

int main(int argc, const char * argv[]) {
    @autoreleasepool {

        NSString *aName = @"Julia";
        NSString *aEmail = @"julia@gmail.com";

        NSString *bName = @"Tony";
        NSString *bEmail = @"tony@gmail.com";

        NSString *cName = @"Stephen";
        NSString *cEmail = @"steve@gmail.com";

        NSString *dName = @"Jamie";
        NSString *dEmail = @"jamie@gmail.com";

        AddressCard *card1 = [[AddressCard alloc] init];
        AddressCard *card2 = [[AddressCard alloc] init];
        AddressCard *card3 = [[AddressCard alloc] init];
        AddressCard *card4 = [[AddressCard alloc] init];

        //创建一个新的地址簿

        AddressBook *myBook = [[AddressBook alloc] initWithName:@"Linda's Address Book " ];

        AddressCard *myCard;

        //创建四个卡片
        [card1 setName:aName andEmail:aEmail];
        [card2 setName:bName andEmail:bEmail];
        [card3 setName:cName andEmail:cEmail];
        [card4 setName:dName andEmail:dEmail];

        //将地址卡片添加到地址簿
        [myBook addCard:card1];
        [myBook addCard:card2];
        [myBook addCard:card3];
        [myBook addCard:card4];

        //列出未排序的地址簿
        [myBook list];

        //进行排序并在此列出
        [myBook sort];
        [myBook list];

        //通过名字查找一个
        NSLog(@"Lookup : Stephen:");

        myCard = [myBook lookup: @"Stephen"];

        if (myCard != nil) {
            [myCard print];
        }
        else
            NSLog(@"Not Found!");

        //从电话簿中删除条目
        [myBook removeCard:myCard];
        [myBook list];



    }
    return 0;
}

Part 4. 词典对象

词典：键—对象对组成的数据集合，通过对象的键从词典中获取对象。和键关联的值可以是任何类型，但不能使nil。
词典可以固定,可以可变:动态添加和删除，使用键检索词典，可以枚举内容。

        NSMutableDictionary *glossary = [ NSMutableDictionary dictionary];//创建空的可变词典

        //存储一个条目在类别中   
        [glossary setObject:@"A class defined so other classes can inherit from it" forKey:@"abstract class"];       

        //检索并显示        
        NSLog(@"abstract class: %@", [glossary objectForKey:@"abstract class"])

        //[dict objectForKey: key] 等同于 dict[ key ]
        //[dict setObject: object forKey: key] 等同于： dict[key] = object

枚举词典

//创建对象-键对的数组
       NSDictionary *glossary = [NSDictionary dictionaryWithObjectsAndKeys:
                     @"A class defined so other classes can inherit from it",
                     @"abstract class",
                     @"To implement all the methods defined in a protocol",
                     @"adopt",
                     @"Storing an object for later use",
                     @"achiving",
                     nil];

        for (NSString *key in glossary) //枚举
            NSLog(@"%@:%@", key, [glossary objectForKey:key]);

Part 5. 集合对象

set：单值对象集合
- 可变，不可变
- 搜索，添加，删除集合中的成员，比较两个集合，计算两个集合的交集和并集

        NSMutableSet *set1 = [NSMutableSet setWithObjects:
                              @1, @3, @5, @10, nil];

        NSSet *set2 = [NSSet setWithObjects:
                       @-5, @100, @3, @5, nil];

        NSSet *set3 = [NSSet setWithObjects:
                       @12, @200, @3, nil];

        NSLog(@"set1:");
        [set1 print];

        NSLog(@"set2:");
        [set2 print];

        //相等性测试
        if ([set1 isEqualTo:set2] == YES) {
            NSLog(@"set1 equals set2");
        } else {
            NSLog(@"set1 is not equat to set2");
        }

        //成员测试
        if ([set1 containsObject:@10]) {
            NSLog(@"set1 contains 10");
        } else {
            NSLog(@"set1 does to contain set2");
        }

        if ([set2 containsObject:@10]) {
            NSLog(@"set2 contains 10");
        } else {
            NSLog(@"set2 does to contain set2");
        }

        //在可变集合set1中添加和移除对象

        [set1 addObject:@4];
        [set1 removeObject:@10];
        NSLog(@"set1 after adding 4 and removing 10:");
        [set1 print];

        //获得两个集合的交集
        [set1 intersectSet:set2];
        NSLog(@"set1 inserct set2: ");
        [set1 print];

        //获得两个集合的并集
        [set1 unionSet:set3];
        NSLog(@"set1 union set3: ");
        [set1 print];