BeautifulSoup库详解

通过这篇文章为大家介绍崔庆才老师对Python爬虫BeautifulSoup库的讲解,包括基本原理及其理论知识点

本文共有约1200字,建议阅读时间10分钟,并且注重理论与实践相结合

觉得文章比较枯燥和用电脑观看的可以点击阅读原文即可跳转到CSDN网页


目录:

一、什么是BeautifulSoup

二、安装

三、BeautifulSoup用法详解




一、什么是BeautifulSoup

灵活又方便的网页解析库,处理高效,支持多种解析器。利用它不用编写正则表达式即可方便实现网页信息的提取。


二、安装

pip install beautifulsoup4

三、BeautifulSoup用法详解

  1. 解析库


  2. 基本使用


  3. html = '''
    <html><head><title>The Domouse's story</title></head>
    <body>
    <p class="title"name="dromouse"><b>The Dormouse's story</b></p>
    <p class="story">Once upon a time there were little sisters;and their names were
    <a href="http://example.com/elsie"class="sister"id="link1"><!--Elsie--></a>
    <a hred="http://example.com/lacle"class="sister"id="link2">Lacle</a>and
    <a hred="http://example.com/tilie"class="sister"id="link3">Tillie</a>
    and they lived at bottom of a well.</p>
    <p class="story">...</p>
    '''
    
    from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
    
    soup= BeautifulSoup(html,'lxml')
    
    print(soup.prettify())#格式化代码,打印结果自动补全缺失的代码
    
    print(soup.title.string)#文章标题
  4. 标签选择器


  5. #选择元素
    html = '''
    <html><head><title>The Domouse's story</title></head>
    <body>
    <p class="title"name="dromouse"><b>The Dormouse's story</b></p>
    <p class="story">Once upon a time there were little sisters;and their names were
    <a href="http://example.com/elsie"class="sister"id="link1"><!--Elsie--></a>
    #选择元素
    html = '''
    <html><head><title>The Domouse's story</title></head>
    <body>
    <p class="title"name="dromouse"><b>The Dormouse's story</b></p>
    <p class="story">Once upon a time there were little sisters;and their names were
    <a href="http://example.com/elsie"class="sister"id="link1"><!--Elsie--></a>
    <a hred="http://example.com/lacle"class="sister"id="link2">Lacle</a>and
    <a hred="http://example.com/tilie"class="sister"id="link3">Tillie</a>
    and they lived at bottom of a well.</p>
    <p class="story">...</p>
    '''
    
    soup = BeautifulSoup(html,'lxml')
    
    print(soup.title)
    <title>The Domouse's story</title>
    
    print(type(soup.title))
    <class 'bs4.element.Tag'>
    
    print(soup.head)
    <head><title>The Domouse's story</title></head>
    
    print(soup.p)#当出现多个时,只返回了一个
    <p class="title" name="dromouse"><b>The Dormouse's story</b></p>
    
    #获取名称
    print(soup.title.name)
    
    #获取内容
    
    print(soup.p.attrs['name'])
    dromouse
    
    print(soup.p['name'])
    dromouse
    
    soup = BeautifulSoup(html,'lxml')
    
    print(soup.title)
    <title>The Domouse's story</title>
    
    print(type(soup.title))
    <class 'bs4.element.Tag'>
    
    print(soup.head)
    <head><title>The Domouse's story</title></head>
    
    print(soup.p)#当出现多个时,只返回了一个
    <p class="title" name="dromouse"><b>The Dormouse's story</b></p>
    
    #获取名称
    print(soup.title.name)
    
    #获取属性
    
    print(soup.p.attrs['name'])
    dromouse
    
    print(soup.p['name'])
    dromouse
    
    #获取内容
    print(soup.p.string)
    The Dormouse's story
  6. 嵌套内容


  7. #嵌套选择
    from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
    
    
    html = '''
    <html><head><title>The Domouse's story</title></head>
    <body>
    <p class="title"name="dromouse"><b>The Dormouse's story</b></p>
    <p class="story">Once upon a time there were little sisters;and their names were
    <a href="http://example.com/elsie"class="sister"id="link1"><!--Elsie--></a>
    <a hred="http://example.com/lacle"class="sister"id="link2">Lacle</a>and
    <a hred="http://example.com/tilie"class="sister"id="link3">Tillie</a>
    and they lived at bottom of a well.</p>
    <p class="story">...</p>
    '''
    
    soup = BeautifulSoup(html,'lxml')
    
    print(soup.head.title.string)#观察html的代码,其中有一层包含的关系:head(title),那我们就可以用嵌套的形式将其内容打印出来;body(p或是a)
    The Domouse's story
    
    #子节点和子孙节点
    html2 = '''
    <html>
        <head>
            <title>The Domouse's story</title>
        </head>
        <body>
        <p class="story">
            Once upon a time there were little sisters;and their names were
            <a href="http://example.com/elsie" class="sister"id="link1">
            <span>Elsle</span>
            </a>
            <a hred="http://example.com/lacle"class="sister" id="link2">Lacle</a>
            and
            <a hred="http://example.com/tilie"class="sister" id="link3">Tillie</a>
            and they lived at bottom of a well.
            </p>
            <p class="story">...</p>
    '''
    
    soup2 = BeautifulSoup(html2,'lxml')
    
    print(soup2.p.contents)
    print(soup2.children)#不同之处:children实际上是一个迭代器,需要用循环的方式才能将内容取出
    
    for i,child in enumerate(soup2.p.children):
        print(i,child)
        
    print(soup2.p.descendants)#获取所有的子孙节点,也是一个迭代器
    
    for i,child in enumerate(soup2.p.descendants):
        print(i,child)
    
    #父节点和祖先节点
    print(soup2.a.parent)
    
    print(list(enumerate(soup2.a.parents)))#所有祖先节点(爸爸也算)
    
    #兄弟节点(与之并列的节点)
    print(list(enumerate(soup2.a.next_siblings)))#后面的兄弟节点
    
    print(list(enumerate(soup2.a.previous_siblings)))#前面的兄弟节点
  8. 标准选择器


  9. find_all(name,attrs,recursive,text,**kargs)
    
    #可根据签名、属性、内容查找文档


  10. #name
    from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
    
    html = '''
    <div class="panel">
        <div class="panel-heading"name="elements">
            <h4>Hello</h4>
        </div>
        <div class="panel-body">
            <ul class="list"Id="list-1">
                <li class="element">Foo</li>
                <li class="element">Bar</li>
                <li class="element">Jay</li>
            </ul>
            <ul class="list list-small"Id="list-2">
                <li class="element">Foo</li>
                <li class="element">Bar</li>
            </ul>
        </div>
    <div>
    '''
    
    soup = BeautifulSoup(html,'lxml')
    
    print(soup.find_all('ul'))#列表类型
    print(type(soup.find_all('ul')[0]))
    
    for ul in soup.find_all('ul'):
        print(ul.find_all('li'))#层层嵌套的查找
    
    #attrs用法
    print(soup.find_all(attrs={'id':'list-1'}))

    print(soup.find_all(attrs={'name':'elements'})) print(soup.find_all(class_="element"))


  11. #text
    html = '''
    <div class="panel">
        <div class="panel-heading">
            <h4>Hello</h4>
        </div>
        <div class="panel-body"name="elelments">
            <ul class="list"Id="list-1">
                <li class="element">Foo</li>
                <li class="element">Bar</li>
                <li class="element">Jay</li>
            </ul>
            <ul class="list list-small"Id="list-2">
                <li class="element">Foo</li>
                <li class="element">Bar</li>
            </ul>
        </div>
    <div>
    '''
    
    from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
    
    soup = BeautifulSoup(html,'lxml')
    
    print(soup.find_all(text='Foo'))


  12. #find(name,attrs,recursive,text,**kwargs)返回单个元素,find_all返回所有元素
    html = '''
    <div class="panel">
        <div class="panel-heading">
            <h4>Hello</h4>
        </div>
        <div class="panel-body"name="elelments">
            <ul class="list"Id="list-1">
                <li class="element">Foo</li>
                <li class="element">Bar</li>
                <li class="element">Jay</li>
            </ul>
            <ul class="list list-small"Id="list-2">
                <li class="element">Foo</li>
                <li class="element">Bar</li>
            </ul>
        </div>
    <div>
    '''
    
    from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
    
    print(soup.find('ul'))
    print(type(soup.find('ul')))
    print(soup.find('page'))

    find_parents():返回所有祖先节点和find_parent()返回直接父节点

    find_next_siblings()返回所有兄弟节点和find_next_sibling()返回后面第一个兄弟节点

    find_previous_siblings():返回前面的所有兄弟节点和find_previous_sibling():返回前面第一个兄弟节点

    find_all_next():返回节点后所有符合条件的节点和find_next():返回第一个符合条件的节点

    find_all_previous()返回节点前所有符合条件的节点和find_previous():返回节点前第一个符合条件的节点

  13. .CSS选择器

    通过select()直接传入CSS选择器即可完成选择


  14. #CSS选择器
    html = '''
    <div class="panel">
        <div class="panel-heading">
            <h4>Hello</h4>
        </div>
        <div class="panel-body"name="elelments">
            <ul class="list"Id="list-1">
                <li class="element">Foo</li>
                <li class="element">Bar</li>
                <li class="element">Jay</li>
            </ul>
            <ul class="list list-small"Id="list-2">
                <li class="element">Foo</li>
                <li class="element">Bar</li>
            </ul>
        </div>
    <div>
    '''
    
    from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
    soup = BeautifulSoup(html,'lxml')
    print(soup.select('.panel .panel-heading')) #class就需要加一个“.”
    print(soup.select('ul li') #选择标签
    print(soup.select('#list-2 .element'))
    print(type(soup.select('ul')[0]))
    
    for ul in soup.select('ul'):#直接print(soup.select('ul li'))
        print(ul.select('li'))
  15. 获取属性


  16. html = '''
    <div class="panel">
        <div class="panel-heading">
            <h4>Hello</h4>
        </div>
        <div class="panel-body"name="elelments">
            <ul class="list"Id="list-1">
                <li class="element">Foo</li>
                <li class="element">Bar</li>
                <li class="element">Jay</li>
            </ul>
            <ul class="list list-small"Id="list-2">
                <li class="element">Foo</li>
                <li class="element">Bar</li>
            </ul>
        </div>
    <div>
    '''
    
    from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
    soup = BeautifulSoup(html,'lxml')
    for ul in soup.select('ul'):
        print(ul['id'])#直接用[]
        print(ul.attrs['id'])#或是attrs+[]
  17. 获取内容


  18. html = '''
    <div class="panel">
        <div class="panel-heading">
            <h4>Hello</h4>
        </div>
        <div class="panel-body"name="elelments">
            <ul class="list"Id="list-1">
                <li class="element">Foo</li>
                <li class="element">Bar</li>
                <li class="element">Jay</li>
            </ul>
            <ul class="list list-small"Id="list-2">
                <li class="element">Foo</li>
                <li class="element">Bar</li>
            </ul>
        </div>
    <div>
    '''
    
    from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
    soup = BeautifulSoup(html,'lxml')
    for li in soup.select('ul'):
        print(li.get_text())

四、总结

  1. 推荐使用'lxml'解析库,必要时使用html.parser

  2. 标签选择器筛选功能但速度快

  3. 建议使用find(),find_all()查询匹配单个结果或者多个结果

  4. 如果对CSS选择器熟悉建议选用select()

  5. 记住常用的获取属性和文本值得方法

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