Ansible API: 动态清单（Inventory）的使用

本文基于Ansible 2.7
Ansible官方文档提供的示例如下：

#!/usr/bin/env python

import json
import shutil
from collections import namedtuple
from ansible.parsing.dataloader import DataLoader
from ansible.vars.manager import VariableManager
from ansible.inventory.manager import InventoryManager
from ansible.playbook.play import Play
from ansible.executor.task_queue_manager import TaskQueueManager
from ansible.plugins.callback import CallbackBase
import ansible.constants as C

class ResultCallback(CallbackBase):
    """A sample callback plugin used for performing an action as results come in

    If you want to collect all results into a single object for processing at
    the end of the execution, look into utilizing the ``json`` callback plugin
    or writing your own custom callback plugin
    """
    def v2_runner_on_ok(self, result, **kwargs):
        """Print a json representation of the result

        This method could store the result in an instance attribute for retrieval later
        """
        host = result._host
        print(json.dumps({host.name: result._result}, indent=4))

# since API is constructed for CLI it expects certain options to always be set, named tuple 'fakes' the args parsing options object
Options = namedtuple('Options', ['connection', 'module_path', 'forks', 'become', 'become_method', 'become_user', 'check', 'diff'])
options = Options(connection='local', module_path=['/to/mymodules'], forks=10, become=None, become_method=None, become_user=None, check=False, diff=False)

# initialize needed objects
loader = DataLoader() # Takes care of finding and reading yaml, json and ini files
passwords = dict(vault_pass='secret')

# Instantiate our ResultCallback for handling results as they come in. Ansible expects this to be one of its main display outlets
results_callback = ResultCallback()

# create inventory, use path to host config file as source or hosts in a comma separated string
inventory = InventoryManager(loader=loader, sources='localhost,')

# variable manager takes care of merging all the different sources to give you a unifed view of variables available in each context
variable_manager = VariableManager(loader=loader, inventory=inventory)

# create datastructure that represents our play, including tasks, this is basically what our YAML loader does internally.
play_source =  dict(
        name = "Ansible Play",
        hosts = 'localhost',
        gather_facts = 'no',
        tasks = [
            dict(action=dict(module='shell', args='ls'), register='shell_out'),
            dict(action=dict(module='debug', args=dict(msg='{{shell_out.stdout}}')))
         ]
    )

# Create play object, playbook objects use .load instead of init or new methods,
# this will also automatically create the task objects from the info provided in play_source
play = Play().load(play_source, variable_manager=variable_manager, loader=loader)

# Run it - instantiate task queue manager, which takes care of forking and setting up all objects to iterate over host list and tasks
tqm = None
try:
    tqm = TaskQueueManager(
              inventory=inventory,
              variable_manager=variable_manager,
              loader=loader,
              options=options,
              passwords=passwords,
              stdout_callback=results_callback,  # Use our custom callback instead of the ``default`` callback plugin, which prints to stdout
          )
    result = tqm.run(play) # most interesting data for a play is actually sent to the callback's methods
finally:
    # we always need to cleanup child procs and the structres we use to communicate with them
    if tqm is not None:
        tqm.cleanup()

    # Remove ansible tmpdir
    shutil.rmtree(C.DEFAULT_LOCAL_TMP, True)

可以看到

inventory = InventoryManager(loader=loader, sources='localhost,')

这里使用的是静态清单，localhost实际指向的是本地默认的清单文件（/etc/ansible/hosts），但如果我们想使用动态清单呢？
在简单的需求中，是比较方便的。

#假设我们有一个IP地址的列表（这个列表可以通过合适的其他服务获得，或者从数据库直接查询）
host_list = ['192.168.1.1','192.168.1.2']
#建立一个空的InventoryManager(sources默认就是None，此处就是明确一下)
inventory = InventoryManager(loader=loader, sources=None)
#下面开始向Inventory中添加Host
for host in host_list:
	inventory.add_host(host)
	#也可以分组，但此分组必须先显式通过add_group方法添加
	#inventory.add_host(host,group='groupName')

这里有一个地方需要注意，通过add_host添加的host，不能通过‘all’分组取到。也就是说，如果add_host的时候不指定分组，在play_source中指定 hosts = ‘all’ 是取不到host的，必须显式的指定：

inventory.add_host(host,group='all')

如果我们需要使用host variable，就会麻烦一些。

InventoryManager.add_host这个方法，host参数必须是个字符串。而InventoryManager.get_host方法的返回值是一个Host对象：

• ansible/inventory/manager.py

    def get_host(self, hostname):
        return self._inventory.get_host(hostname)
    def add_host(self, host, group=None, port=None):
        return self._inventory.add_host(host, group, port)

其中 self._inventory 是一个 InventoryData 对象

• ansible/inventory/data.py

   def add_host(self, host, group=None, port=None):
       ''' adds a host to inventory and possibly a group if not there already '''

       if host:
           g = None
           if group:
               if group in self.groups:
                   g = self.groups[group]
               else:
                   raise AnsibleError("Could not find group %s in inventory" % group)

           if host not in self.hosts:
               h = Host(host, port)
               self.hosts[host] = h
               if self.current_source:  # set to 'first source' in which host was encountered
                   self.set_variable(host, 'inventory_file', self.current_source)
                   self.set_variable(host, 'inventory_dir', basedir(self.current_source))
               else:
                   self.set_variable(host, 'inventory_file', None)
                   self.set_variable(host, 'inventory_dir', None)
               display.debug("Added host %s to inventory" % (host))

               # set default localhost from inventory to avoid creating an implicit one. Last localhost defined 'wins'.
               if host in C.LOCALHOST:
                   if self.localhost is None:
                       self.localhost = self.hosts[host]
                       display.vvvv("Set default localhost to %s" % h)
                   else:
                       display.warning("A duplicate localhost-like entry was found (%s). First found localhost was %s" % (h, self.localhost.name))
           else:
               h = self.hosts[host]

           if g:
               g.add_host(h)
               self._groups_dict_cache = {}
               display.debug("Added host %s to group %s" % (host, group))
       else:
           raise AnsibleError("Invalid empty host name provided: %s" % host)
           
   def get_host(self, hostname):
       ''' fetch host object using name deal with implicit localhost '''

       matching_host = self.hosts.get(hostname, None)

       # if host is not in hosts dict
       if matching_host is None and hostname in C.LOCALHOST:
           # might need to create implicit localhost
           matching_host = self._create_implicit_localhost(hostname)

       return matching_host

• ansible/inventory/host.py

    def __init__(self, name=None, port=None, gen_uuid=True):

        self.vars = {}
        self.groups = []
        self._uuid = None

        self.name = name
        self.address = name

        if port:
            self.set_variable('ansible_port', int(port))

        if gen_uuid:
            self._uuid = get_unique_id()
        self.implicit = False

可以看到Host的name和address值都是取形参name的值

所以我们只能通过下面这种办法来使用host variable

host_list = ['192.168.1.1','192.168.1.2']
#建立一个空的InventoryManager(sources默认就是None，此处就是明确一下)
inventory = InventoryManager(loader=loader, sources=None)
#下面开始向Inventory中添加Host
for host in host_list:
	inventory.add_host(host)
	inventory.get_host(host).vars['var_name'] = 'var_val'

写法十分僵硬。