我们所说的就是虚拟内存,物理内存实际由OS来控制
1. 为什么要有内存池?
内存池是一种高效的内存管理机制,它可以提高性能和可靠性,减少内存分配和释放操作。
在传统的内存管理方式中,每次分配内存时都需要调用系统的内存分配函数(如malloc
),这会涉及到内核态和用户态之间的频繁切换,造成较大的开销。而内存池则可以预先分配一定数量的内存,将其组织为一组内存块,并在需要时从内存池中分配内存。这样可以避免频繁地调用系统的内存分配函数,减少内核态和用户态之间的切换次数,从而提高程序的性能。
此外,内存池还可以减少内存碎片的产生。在传统的内存管理方式中,频繁地分配和释放内存会导致内存碎片的产生,从而降低内存的利用率。而内存池可以预先分配一定数量的内存,并将其组织为一组内存块,这样可以避免频繁地分配和释放内存,从而减少内存碎片的产生,提高内存的利用率。
总之,内存池可以提高程序的性能和可靠性,减少内存分配和释放操作,避免频繁地调用系统的内存分配函数,减少内核态和用户态之间的切换次数,同时还可以减少内存碎片的产生,提高内存的利用率。
2. 内存池实现思路
内存池的实现方法有许多,本文只介绍一种实现方法。
代码中定义了三个结构体:mp_pool_s、mp_node_s 和 mp_large_s。其中,mp_pool_s 结构体表示内存池,用于管理动态分配的内存;mp_node_s 结构体表示内存池中的一个节点,用于管理小块内存;mp_large_s 结构体表示内存池中的一个大块内存。
下面介绍整个代码的逻辑
3.总结
本文中所介绍的内存池主要是参考了Nginx内部的内存池的实现,主要思路:先判断需要的内存是多大,然后,大于指定的最大值的话,那么需要重新给分配一大块,存储这一大块的结构体所占用的内存是从内存池中分配的,就是便利遍历的池子看是否有满足要求的;然后如果需要的内存小于指定值,那么就是去内存池中,遍历链表,然后找到满足需要内存要求的块,分配内存给他即可。总的来说,个人觉得这个内存池的实现就是使得每次申请者需要的内存不多时,直接去内存池拿,不需要再去进行系统调用。
如果实际开发需要的话,也可以去使用一些开源的内存池组件tcmalloc/jemalloc等。
4.完整源代码
// 下面时完整的代码
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
#define MP_ALIGNMENT 32
#define MP_PAGE_SIZE 4096
#define MP_MAX_ALLOC_FROM_POOL (MP_PAGE_SIZE-1)
#define mp_align(n, alignment) (((n)+(alignment-1)) & ~(alignment-1))
#define mp_align_ptr(p, alignment) (void *)((((size_t)p)+(alignment-1)) & ~(alignment-1))
struct mp_large_s {
struct mp_large_s *next;
void *alloc;
};
struct mp_node_s {
unsigned char *last;
unsigned char *end;
struct mp_node_s *next;
size_t failed;
};
struct mp_pool_s {
size_t max;
struct mp_node_s *current;
struct mp_large_s *large;
struct mp_node_s head[0];
};
struct mp_pool_s *mp_create_pool(size_t size);
void mp_destory_pool(struct mp_pool_s *pool);
void *mp_alloc(struct mp_pool_s *pool, size_t size);
void *mp_nalloc(struct mp_pool_s *pool, size_t size);
void *mp_calloc(struct mp_pool_s *pool, size_t size);
void mp_free(struct mp_pool_s *pool, void *p);
struct mp_pool_s *mp_create_pool(size_t size) {
struct mp_pool_s *p;
int ret = posix_memalign((void **)&p, MP_ALIGNMENT, size + sizeof(struct mp_pool_s) + sizeof(struct mp_node_s));
if (ret) {
return NULL;
}
p->max = (size < MP_MAX_ALLOC_FROM_POOL) ? size : MP_MAX_ALLOC_FROM_POOL;
p->current = p->head;
p->large = NULL;
p->head->last = (unsigned char *)p + sizeof(struct mp_pool_s) + sizeof(struct mp_node_s);
p->head->end = p->head->last + size;
p->head->failed = 0;
return p;
}
void mp_destory_pool(struct mp_pool_s *pool) {
struct mp_node_s *h, *n;
struct mp_large_s *l;
for (l = pool->large; l; l = l->next) {
if (l->alloc) {
free(l->alloc);
}
}
h = pool->head->next;
while (h) {
n = h->next;
free(h);
h = n;
}
free(pool);
}
void mp_reset_pool(struct mp_pool_s *pool) {
struct mp_node_s *h;
struct mp_large_s *l;
for (l = pool->large; l; l = l->next) {
if (l->alloc) {
free(l->alloc);
}
}
pool->large = NULL;
for (h = pool->head; h; h = h->next) {
h->last = (unsigned char *)h + sizeof(struct mp_node_s);
}
}
static void *mp_alloc_block(struct mp_pool_s *pool, size_t size) {
unsigned char *m;
struct mp_node_s *h = pool->head;
size_t psize = (size_t)(h->end - (unsigned char *)h);
int ret = posix_memalign((void **)&m, MP_ALIGNMENT, psize);
if (ret) return NULL;
struct mp_node_s *p, *new_node, *current;
new_node = (struct mp_node_s*)m;
new_node->end = m + psize;
new_node->next = NULL;
new_node->failed = 0;
m += sizeof(struct mp_node_s);
m = mp_align_ptr(m, MP_ALIGNMENT);
new_node->last = m + size;
current = pool->current;
for (p = current; p->next; p = p->next) {
if (p->failed++ > 4) { //
current = p->next;
}
}
p->next = new_node;
pool->current = current ? current : new_node;
return m;
}
static void *mp_alloc_large(struct mp_pool_s *pool, size_t size) {
void *p = malloc(size);
if (p == NULL) return NULL;
size_t n = 0;
struct mp_large_s *large;
for (large = pool->large; large; large = large->next) {
if (large->alloc == NULL) {
large->alloc = p;
return p;
}
if (n ++ > 3) break;
}
large = mp_alloc(pool, sizeof(struct mp_large_s));
if (large == NULL) {
free(p);
return NULL;
}
large->alloc = p;
large->next = pool->large;
pool->large = large;
return p;
}
void *mp_memalign(struct mp_pool_s *pool, size_t size, size_t alignment) {
void *p;
int ret = posix_memalign(&p, alignment, size);
if (ret) {
return NULL;
}
struct mp_large_s *large = mp_alloc(pool, sizeof(struct mp_large_s));
if (large == NULL) {
free(p);
return NULL;
}
large->alloc = p;
large->next = pool->large;
pool->large = large;
return p;
}
void *mp_alloc(struct mp_pool_s *pool, size_t size) {
unsigned char *m;
struct mp_node_s *p;
if (size <= pool->max) {
p = pool->current;
do {
m = mp_align_ptr(p->last, MP_ALIGNMENT);
if ((size_t)(p->end - m) >= size) {
p->last = m + size;
return m;
}
p = p->next;
} while (p);
return mp_alloc_block(pool, size);
}
return mp_alloc_large(pool, size);
}
void *mp_nalloc(struct mp_pool_s *pool, size_t size) {
unsigned char *m;
struct mp_node_s *p;
if (size <= pool->max) {
p = pool->current;
do {
m = p->last;
if ((size_t)(p->end - m) >= size) {
p->last = m+size;
return m;
}
p = p->next;
} while (p);
return mp_alloc_block(pool, size);
}
return mp_alloc_large(pool, size);
}
void *mp_calloc(struct mp_pool_s *pool, size_t size) {
void *p = mp_alloc(pool, size);
if (p) {
memset(p, 0, size);
}
return p;
}
void mp_free(struct mp_pool_s *pool, void *p) {
struct mp_large_s *l;
for (l = pool->large; l; l = l->next) {
if (p == l->alloc) {
free(l->alloc);
l->alloc = NULL;
return ;
}
}
}
int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
int size = 1 << 12;
struct mp_pool_s *p = mp_create_pool(size);
int i = 0;
for (i = 0;i < 10;i ++) {
void *mp = mp_alloc(p, 512);
// mp_free(mp);
}
//printf("mp_create_pool: %ld\n", p->max);
printf("mp_align(123, 32): %d, mp_align(17, 32): %d\n", mp_align(24, 32), mp_align(17, 32));
//printf("mp_align_ptr(p->current, 32): %lx, p->current: %lx, mp_align(p->large, 32): %lx, p->large: %lx\n", mp_align_ptr(p->current, 32), p->current, mp_align_ptr(p->large, 32), p->large);
int j = 0;
for (i = 0;i < 5;i ++) {
char *pp = mp_calloc(p, 32);
for (j = 0;j < 32;j ++) {
if (pp[j]) {
printf("calloc wrong\n");
}
printf("calloc success\n");
}
}
//printf("mp_reset_pool\n");
for (i = 0;i < 5;i ++) {
void *l = mp_alloc(p, 8192);
mp_free(p, l);
}
mp_reset_pool(p);
//printf("mp_destory_pool\n");
for (i = 0;i < 58;i ++) {
mp_alloc(p, 256);
}
mp_destory_pool(p);
return 0;
}