python： 迭代器和生成器

迭代器

迭代类似于循环，每一次重复的过程称为迭代，每一次迭代的结果会被用作下一次迭代的初始值。提供迭代的方法被称为迭代器

for i in 'asdc':
    print(i)

for的作用是触发这个迭代器的迭代功能，字符串是容器也是迭代器，每次从容器里依次拿出一个数据，就是迭代操作。
对容器对象调用iter()方法可以得到迭代器，调用next()迭代器会返回下一个值

s = 'abcd'
t = iter(s)
while True:
    try:
        item = next(t)
    except StopIteration:
        break
    print(item)

容器是迭代器则必须实现__iter__() 方法，返回迭代器本身，然后__next__()方法，规定了迭代的规则，一般迭代器需要我们自己定义类然后实现相应的方法

Iterator是迭代器类，而Iterable是接口
凡是可以for循环的,都是Iterable
凡是可以next()的,都是Iterator
Python中集合数据类型如list,truple,dict,str,都是Itrable不是Iterator,但可以通过iter()函数获得一个Iterator对象
Python中的for循环就是通过next实现的

迭代器的魔方方法：

__iter__()
__next__()

eg:构造迭代器，显示城市气温

from collections import Iterable, Iterator
import requests

class weatherIterator(Iterator):
    def __init__(self, cities):
        self.cities = cities
        self.index = 0
    def getWeather(self, city):
        r = requests.get(u'http://wthrcdn.etouch.cn/weather_mini?city='+city)
        data = r.json()['data']['forecast'][0]
        return "%s: %s, %s" % (city, data['low'], data['high'])
    
    def __next__(self):
        if self.index == len(self.cities):
            raise StopIteration
        city = self.cities[self.index]
        self.index += 1
        return getWeather(city)
class weatherIterable(Iterable):
    def __init__(self,cities):
        self.cities = cities
    def __iter__(self):
        return weatherIterator(self.cities)
for x in weatherIterabale([u'北京', u'太原', u'绵阳', u'济宁']):
    print(x)

北京: 低温 11℃, 高温 24℃
太原: 低温 10℃, 高温 35℃
绵阳: 低温 19℃, 高温 32℃
济宁: 低温 19℃, 高温 32℃

对迭代器作切片操作

f = open('english.txt').readlines()
f[1:2]
#弊端：readlines一次性读入所有数据，如果数据量太大，消耗的内存将会增多

f = open('english.txt')
data = islice(f, 10,15)
for line in data:
    print(line)

data: <itertools.islice at 0x110036f98>

迭代器实现斐波那契数列：

class f:
    def __init__(self, n=20):
        self.a = 0
        self.b = 1
        self.n = n
    def __iter__(self):
        return self
    def __next__(self):
        self.a, self.b = self.b, self.a+self.b
        if self.a > self.n:
            raise StopIteration
        return self.a
fib = f()
for each in fib:
    print(each)

生成器

迭代器需要定义一个类和实现相关的方法，而生成器只需要在普通的函数上加上yield语句即可

yield的学习

正向，反向迭代器

class f:
    def __init__(self, start, end, step=0.5):
        self.start = start
        self.end = end
        self.step = step
    def __iter__(self):
        t = self.start
        while t <= self.end:
            yield t
            t += self.step
    def __reversed__(self):
        t = self.end
        while t >= self.start:
            yield t
            t -= self.step
for i in f(1,5):
    print(i, end=' ')
print()
for i in reversed(f(1,5)):
    print(i, end= ' ')

1 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 
5 4.5 4.0 3.5 3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 

一次性迭代多个对象：

并行

chinese = [randint(60,100) for x in range(40)]
math = [randint(60,100) for x in range(40)]
english = [randint(60,100) for x in range(40)]
data = list(zip(chinese, math, english))
score = []
for x,y,z in data:
    score.append(x+y+z)

串行

from itertools import chain
class1 = [randint(60,100) for x in range(40)]
class2 = [randint(60,100) for x in range(40)]
class3 = [randint(60,100) for x in range(40)]
class4 = [randint(60,100) for x in range(40)]
count = 0
for s in chain(class1, class2, class3, class4):
    if s > 90:
        count += 1
print(count)