windows WinHttp-CSDN博客

本文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/baidu_16370559/article/details/121083806

WinInet和WinHttp是windows平台下提供了两套独立的网络库，按照微软官方的说法， WinInet的优势在于client-端的应用，而WinHttp更适用于server-端编程。从名称上我们可以看出WinHttp在Http协议应用方面要比WinInet更加专业，WinInet支持的协议包括Gopher\HTTP\HTTPS\FTP较为杂乱，而WinHttp库专门是为HTTP\HTTPS服务的。

在一个Session之上可以存在多个Connection对象，每个Connection对应于一个目标服务器和端口号。在一个Connection之上可以存在多个Request对象，每个Request对应于Connection之上的URI资源地址以及HTTP动作（GET或POST等）。

使用winhttp需要调用winhttp库（windows系统自带winhttp.lib和winhttp.dll）直接

#include <winhttp.h>
#pragma comment(lib,"winhttp.lib")

初始化winhttp

在使用WinHttp连接服务器之前，需要使用WinHttpOpen来进行初始化。WinHttpOpen将创建一个维护Http会话细节的会话环境（Session Context），并返回一个session handle。使用该句柄，WinHttpConnect可以连接到目标Http（Https）服务器。

WINHTTPAPI
HINTERNET
WINAPI
WinHttpOpen
(
__in_opt LPCWSTR pszAgentW,
__in DWORD dwAccessType,
__in_opt LPCWSTR pszProxyW,
__in_opt LPCWSTR pszProxyBypassW,
__in DWORD dwFlags
);

见：WinHttpOpen function (winhttp.h) - Win32 apps | Microsoft Docs

如：

HINTERNET hSession = WinHttpOpen(L"A WinHTTP Example Program/1.0", WINHTTP_ACCESS_TYPE_DEFAULT_PROXY, WINHTTP_NO_PROXY_NAME, WINHTTP_NO_PROXY_BYPASS, 0);

在与服务器交互之前, 必须用调用WinHttpOpen进行初始化,WinHttpOpen创建一个会话,并返回该会话的句柄,接着有了这个句柄.

BOOL WinHttpSetTimeouts

(

[in] HINTERNET hInternet,

[in] int nResolveTimeout,

[in] int nConnectTimeout,

[in] int nSendTimeout,

[in] int nReceiveTimeout

);

见：WinHttpSetTimeouts function (winhttp.h) - Win32 apps | Microsoft Docs

如：

HINTERNET hSession = WinHttpOpen(L"A WinHTTP Example Program/1.0", WINHTTP_ACCESS_TYPE_DEFAULT_PROXY, WINHTTP_NO_PROXY_NAME, WINHTTP_NO_PROXY_BYPASS, 0);

if (hSession)

{

// Use WinHttpSetTimeouts to set a new time-out values.

if (!WinHttpSetTimeouts( hSession, 10000, 10000, 10000, 10000))

printf( "Error %u in WinHttpSetTimeouts.\n", GetLastError());

BOOL WinHttpSetOption(
[in] HINTERNET hInternet,
[in] DWORD dwOption,
[in] LPVOID lpBuffer,
[in] DWORD dwBufferLength
);

见：WinHttpSetOption function (winhttp.h) - Win32 apps | Microsoft Docs

参数的值见：Option Flags (Winhttp.h) - Win32 apps | Microsoft Docs

如：

DWORD dwFlags = SECURITY_FLAG_SECURE |
           SECURITY_FLAG_IGNORE_UNKNOWN_CA |
           SECURITY_FLAG_IGNORE_CERT_WRONG_USAGE |
           SECURITY_FLAG_IGNORE_CERT_CN_INVALID |
           SECURITY_FLAG_IGNORE_CERT_DATE_INVALID;
WinHttpSetOption(m_hRequest, WINHTTP_OPTION_SECURITY_FLAGS, &dwFlags, sizeof(dwFlags));

BOOL WinHttpQueryOption(
[in] HINTERNET hInternet,
[in] DWORD dwOption,
[out] LPVOID lpBuffer,
[in, out] LPDWORD lpdwBufferLength
);

见：WinHttpQueryOption function (winhttp.h) - Win32 apps | Microsoft Docs

其和上面的WinHttpSetOption函数基本一致。

连接目标服务器

需要指定服务器IP和端口号。

WINHTTPAPI
HINTERNET
WINAPI
WinHttpConnect
(
IN HINTERNET hSession,
IN LPCWSTR pswzServerName,
IN INTERNET_PORT nServerPort,
IN DWORD dwReserved //该值必须是0
);

pswzServerName:指向包含 HTTP 服务器的主机名的 以 null 结尾的字符串的指针

见:WinHttpConnect function (winhttp.h) - Win32 apps | Microsoft Docs

如

hConnect = WinHttpConnect( hSession, L"www.microsoft.com",INTERNET_DEFAULT_HTTPS_PORT, 0);

WinHttpConnect就能指定一个目标服务器.
注意:调用了WinHttpConnect并不意味着和服务器建立了真正的连接.

打开请求

在调用WinHttpOpenRequest时并不会向服务器发送请求。指定是get还是post以及网址后面的目录

WINHTTPAPI
HINTERNET
WINAPI
WinHttpOpenRequest
(
IN HINTERNET hConnect,
IN LPCWSTR pwszVerb, //GET 或者是POST
IN LPCWSTR pwszObjectName, //网址后面的目录
IN LPCWSTR pwszVersion, 如HTTP/1.1
IN LPCWSTR pwszReferrer OPTIONAL, 如WINHTTP_NO_REFERER
IN LPCWSTR FAR * ppwszAcceptTypes OPTIONAL, 如
IN DWORD dwFlags
);

pwszObjectName: 指向包含指定 HTTP 谓词的目标资源名称的字符串的指针。这通常是文件名、可执行模块或搜索说明符。

见：WinHttpOpenRequest function (winhttp.h) - Win32 apps | Microsoft Docs

hRequest = WinHttpOpenRequest(hConnect, L"Get", L"/GetSanyNestTask?token=123", NULL, WINHTTP_NO_REFERER, WINHTTP_DEFAULT_ACCEPT_TYPES, 0);

添加请求头部

即设置请求协议头信息

BOOLAPI
WinHttpAddRequestHeaders
(
IN HINTERNET hRequest,
IN LPCWSTR pwszHeaders,
IN DWORD dwHeadersLength,
IN DWORD dwModifiers
);

pwszHeaders: 指向字符串变量的指针，该变量包含要追加到请求的标头。每个标头（最后一个除外）都必须由回车/换行符 (CR/LF) 终止。

见：WinHttpAddRequestHeaders function (winhttp.h) - Win32 apps | Microsoft Docs

	LPCWSTR header = _T("Content-type: application/json; charset=utf-8/r/n");
	SIZE_T len = lstrlenW(header);
	bResults = WinHttpAddRequestHeaders(hRequest, header, DWORD(len), WINHTTP_ADDREQ_FLAG_ADD);
	if(!bResults)
	{
		cout << "Error:Headers failed: " << endl;
		return -1;
	}

向服务器发送请求

BOOLAPI
WinHttpSendRequest
(
IN HINTERNET hRequest,
IN LPCWSTR pwszHeaders OPTIONAL, //该字符串包含要追加到请求的其他标头
IN DWORD dwHeadersLength,
IN LPVOID lpOptional OPTIONAL,//该缓冲区包含要紧接在请求标头之后发送的任何可选数据此参数通常用于 POST 和 PUT 操作
IN DWORD dwOptionalLength,
IN DWORD dwTotalLength,
IN DWORD_PTR dwContext
);

见：WinHttpSendRequest function (winhttp.h) - Win32 apps | Microsoft Docs

	string data = string(sendData);
	const void *ss = (const char *)data.c_str();
	//发送请求
	BOOL bResults;
	bResults = WinHttpSendRequest(hRequest, WINHTTP_NO_ADDITIONAL_HEADERS, 0, const_cast<void*>(ss), data.length(), data.length(), 0);
	if (!bResults){
		cout << "Error:SendRequest failed: " << GetLastError() << endl;
		return -1;
	}
	else{
		//发送请求成功则准备接受服务器的response。注意：在使用 WinHttpQueryDataAvailable和WinHttpReadData前必须使用WinHttpReceiveResponse才能access服务器返回的数据
		bResults = WinHttpReceiveResponse(hRequest, NULL);
	}

WinHttpOpenRequest函数打开一个HTTP请求并返回一个HINTERNET 句柄,该句柄在接下来的步骤中会用到 , WinHttpOpenRequest并不会向服务器发送请求, 实际上是WinHttpSendRequest通过网络与服务器建立连接并发送请求.

向服务器发送数据

BOOLAPI
WinHttpWriteData
(
IN HINTERNET hRequest,
IN LPCVOID lpBuffer,
IN DWORD dwNumberOfBytesToWrite,
OUT LPDWORD lpdwNumberOfBytesWritten
);

见：WinHttpWriteData function (winhttp.h) - Win32 apps | Microsoft Docs

// Send a Request.

if (hRequest) bResults = WinHttpSendRequest( hRequest, WINHTTP_NO_ADDITIONAL_HEADERS, 0, WINHTTP_NO_REQUEST_DATA, 0, (DWORD)strlen(pszData), 0);

// Write data to the server.

if (bResults) bResults = WinHttpWriteData( hRequest, pszData, (DWORD)strlen(pszData), &dwBytesWritten);

// End the request.

if (bResults) bResults = WinHttpReceiveResponse( hRequest, NULL);

获取响应

WINHTTPAPI
BOOL
WINAPI
WinHttpReceiveResponse
(
IN HINTERNET hRequest,
IN LPVOID lpReserved //必须是NULL
);

见：WinHttpReceiveResponse function (winhttp.h) - Win32 apps | Microsoft Docs

An application must call WinHttpReceiveResponse before it can use WinHttpQueryDataAvailable and WinHttpReadData to access the response entity body (if any).

所以其调用放在WinHttpSendRequest、WinHttpWriteData后，WinHttpQueryHeaders、WinHttpQueryDataAvailable前。

如bResults = WinHttpReceiveResponse( hRequest, NULL);

获取响应头信息

应用程序检索HTTP请求的信息，主要是得到响应头信息，包括响应头的长度

BOOL WinHttpQueryHeaders(
[in] HINTERNET hRequest,
[in] DWORD dwInfoLevel,
[in, optional] LPCWSTR pwszName,
[out] LPVOID lpBuffer,
[in, out] LPDWORD lpdwBufferLength,
[in, out] LPDWORD lpdwIndex
);

见：WinHttpQueryHeaders function (winhttp.h) - Win32 apps | Microsoft Docs

第二个参数dwInfoLevel 的设置见：Query Info Flags (Winhttp.h) - Win32 apps | Microsoft Docs

如：

   int http_code = 0;
   wchar_t szBuffer[24] = { 0 };
   DWORD dwSize = 24 * sizeof(wchar_t);
   if (::WinHttpQueryHeaders(m_hRequest, WINHTTP_QUERY_STATUS_CODE, WINHTTP_HEADER_NAME_BY_INDEX, szBuffer, &dwSize, WINHTTP_NO_HEADER_INDEX)) {
       wchar_t *p = NULL;
       http_code = wcstoul(szBuffer, &p, 10);
   }

从服务器读取到响应报文的长度

获取响应报文的长度

BOOLAPI
WinHttpQueryDataAvailable
(
IN HINTERNET hRequest,
OUT __out_data_source(NETWORK) LPDWORD lpdwNumberOfBytesAvailable OPTIONAL
);

见：WinHttpQueryDataAvailable function (winhttp.h) - Win32 apps | Microsoft Docs

dwSize = 0; if (!WinHttpQueryDataAvailable( hRequest, &dwSize)) printf( "Error %u in WinHttpQueryDataAvailable.\n", GetLastError());

从服务器读取响应报文

BOOLAPI
WinHttpReadData
(
IN HINTERNET hRequest,
IN __out_data_source(NETWORK) LPVOID lpBuffer,
IN DWORD dwNumberOfBytesToRead,
OUT LPDWORD lpdwNumberOfBytesRead
);

见:WinHttpReadData function (winhttp.h) - Win32 apps | Microsoft Docs

ZeroMemory(pszOutBuffer, dwSize+1);

if (!WinHttpReadData( hRequest, (LPVOID)pszOutBuffer, dwSize, &dwDownloaded))

{ printf( "Error %u in WinHttpReadData.\n", GetLastError()); }

关闭winhttp资源

BOOLAPI
WinHttpCloseHandle
(
IN HINTERNET hInternet
);

见：WinHttpCloseHandle function (winhttp.h) - Win32 apps | Microsoft Docs

http://xxx.yyy.zzz:8324/urlpath?pk1=pv1&pk2=pk2

get方式：

xxx.yyy.zzz:8324 在WinHttpConnect的参数pswzServerName设置
如果需要传参数（pk1=pv1&pk2=pk2）的话，参数只能和urlpath合在一起，通过设置WinHttpOpenRequest的参数pwszObjectName传递。

Post方式：

xxx.yyy.zzz:8324 在WinHttpConnect的参数pswzServerName设置
urlpath在WinHttpOpenRequest的参数pwszObjectName设置。
设置协议头WinHttpAddRequestHeaders

如果协议头是Content-type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded

std::wstring wstrHeader[] = { L"Content-type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded\r\n"};

for ( size_t i = 0; i < ARRAYSIZE(wstrHeader); i++ ) {

WinHttpAddRequestHeaders(hRequest, wstrHeader[i].c_str(), wstrHeader[i].length(), WINHTTP_ADDREQ_FLAG_ADD);

}

如果协议头是Content-type: multipart/form-data

LPCWSTR additionalHeaders = L"nContent-Type: multipart/form-data; boundary=----------------------------346435246262465368257857\r\n";

WinHttpAddRequestHeaders(hRequest, additionalHeaders, -1L, WINHTTP_ADDREQ_FLAG_ADD);

4.调WinHttpSendRequest( m_hRequest, WINHTTP_NO_ADDITIONAL_HEADERS, 0, WINHTTP_NO_REQUEST_DATA, 0, dwTotal, 0) dwTotal为需要传输数据的大小

如：Content-type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded

dwTotal的大小为：键值对（具体为?pk1=pv1&pk2=pk2）的长度

5.调WinHttpWriteData传输实际的数据。

完整一个例子

DWORD dwSize = 0;
DWORD dwDownloaded = 0;
LPSTR pszOutBuffer;
BOOL bResults = FALSE;
HINTERNET hSession = NULL,
hConnect = NULL,
hRequest = NULL;

// Use WinHttpOpen to obtain a session handle.
hSession = WinHttpOpen( L"WinHTTP Example/1.0",
WINHTTP_ACCESS_TYPE_DEFAULT_PROXY,
WINHTTP_NO_PROXY_NAME,
WINHTTP_NO_PROXY_BYPASS, 0);

// Specify an HTTP server.
if (hSession)
hConnect = WinHttpConnect( hSession, L"www.microsoft.com",
INTERNET_DEFAULT_HTTPS_PORT, 0);

// Create an HTTP request handle.
if (hConnect)
hRequest = WinHttpOpenRequest( hConnect, L"GET", NULL,
NULL, WINHTTP_NO_REFERER,
WINHTTP_DEFAULT_ACCEPT_TYPES,
WINHTTP_FLAG_SECURE);

// Send a request.
if (hRequest)
bResults = WinHttpSendRequest( hRequest,
WINHTTP_NO_ADDITIONAL_HEADERS,
0, WINHTTP_NO_REQUEST_DATA, 0,
0, 0);

// End the request.
if (bResults)
bResults = WinHttpReceiveResponse( hRequest, NULL);

// Continue to verify data until there is nothing left.
if (bResults)
do
{

// Verify available data.
dwSize = 0;
if (!WinHttpQueryDataAvailable( hRequest, &dwSize))
printf( "Error %u in WinHttpQueryDataAvailable.\n",
GetLastError());

// Allocate space for the buffer.
pszOutBuffer = new char[dwSize+1];
if (!pszOutBuffer)
{
printf("Out of memory\n");
dwSize=0;
}
else
{
// Read the Data.
ZeroMemory(pszOutBuffer, dwSize+1);

if (!WinHttpReadData( hRequest, (LPVOID)pszOutBuffer,
dwSize, &dwDownloaded))
printf( "Error %u in WinHttpReadData.\n", GetLastError());
else
printf( "%s\n", pszOutBuffer);

// Free the memory allocated to the buffer.
delete [] pszOutBuffer;
}

} while (dwSize > 0);

// Report any errors.
if (!bResults)
printf( "Error %d has occurred.\n", GetLastError());

// Close open handles.
if (hRequest) WinHttpCloseHandle(hRequest);
if (hConnect) WinHttpCloseHandle(hConnect);
if (hSession) WinHttpCloseHandle(hSession);