Snowflake算法+eureka注册中心 实现分布式高效有序的ID生成器

一、简介

Twitter Snowflake算法是用来在分布式场景下生成唯一ID。

举个栗子:每个服务实例约定workId即可高效的单机生成分布式唯一id

二、算法图解

如图:

1.第一位

1位标识,由于long基本类型在Java中是带符号的,最高位是符号位,正数是0,负数是1,所以id一般是正数,最高位是0<br>

2.第二位

41位时间截(毫秒级),注意,41位时间截不是存储当前时间的时间截,而是存储时间截的差值(当前时间截 - 开始时间截),这里的的开始时间截,一般是我们的id生成器开始使用的时间,由我们程序来指定的(如下START_TIME属性)。41位的时间截,可以使用69年,年T = (1L << 41) / (1000L * 60 * 60 * 24 * 365) = 69

3.第三位

10位的数据机器位,可以部署在1024个节点

4.第四位

5位的业务位,可以支持最多32个业务

5.第五位

7位序列,毫秒内的计数,12位的计数顺序号支持每个节点每毫秒(同一机器,同一时间截)产生128个ID序号
加起来刚好64位,为一个Long型。
SnowFlake的优点是,整体上按照时间自增排序,并且整个分布式系统内不会产生ID碰撞(由数据中心ID和机器ID作区分),并且效率较高,经测试

三、特性

1.支持自定义允许时间回拨的范围
2.解决跨毫秒起始值每次为0开始的情况(避免末尾必定为偶数,而不便于取余使用问题)
3.解决高并发场景中获取时间戳性能问题
4.支撑根据IP末尾数据作为workerId
5.时间回拨方案思考:1024个节点中分配10个点作为时间回拨序号(连续10次时间回拨的概率较小)

代码如下:

public final class Sequence {

    /**
     * 起始时间戳
     **/
    //private final static long START_TIME = 1519740777809L;
    // 1519740777809

      private final static long START_TIME = 1564125454605L;

    /**
     * dataCenterId占用的位数:5
     **/
    private final static long DATA_CENTER_ID_BITS = 5L; //理论最大值是 32 支持最大63种业务
    /**
     * workerId占用的位数:10
     **/
    private final static long WORKER_ID_BITS = 10L;  //ip最后一位理论最大是1023 所以占10位
    /**
     * 序列号占用的位数:7(表示只允许workId的范围为:0-127)
     **/
    private final static long SEQUENCE_BITS = 7L;

    /**
     * workerId可以使用范围:0-1023
     **/
    private final static long MAX_WORKER_ID = ~(-1L << WORKER_ID_BITS);
    /**
     * dataCenterId可以使用范围:0-31
     **/
    private final static long MAX_DATA_CENTER_ID = ~(-1L << DATA_CENTER_ID_BITS);

    private final static long WORKER_ID_SHIFT = SEQUENCE_BITS;
    private final static long DATA_CENTER_ID_SHIFT = SEQUENCE_BITS + WORKER_ID_BITS;
    private final static long TIMESTAMP_LEFT_SHIFT = SEQUENCE_BITS + WORKER_ID_BITS + DATA_CENTER_ID_BITS;

    /**
     * 用mask防止溢出:位与运算保证计算的结果范围始终是 0-127
     **/
    private final static long SEQUENCE_MASK = ~(-1L << SEQUENCE_BITS);

    private final long workerId;
    private final long dataCenterId;
    private long sequence = 0L;
    private long lastTimestamp = -1L;

    private static byte LAST_IP = 0;
    private final boolean clock;
    private final long timeOffset;
    private final boolean randomSequence;
    private final ThreadLocalRandom tlr = ThreadLocalRandom.current();

/*    public Sequence(long dataCenterId) {
        this(dataCenterId, 0x000000FF & getLastIPAddress(), false, 5L, false);
    }

    public Sequence(long dataCenterId, boolean clock, boolean randomSequence) {
        this(dataCenterId, 0x000000FF & getLastIPAddress(), clock, 5L, randomSequence);
    }*/

    /**
     * 基于Snowflake创建分布式ID生成器
     *
     * @param dataCenterId   数据中心ID,数据范围为0~255
     * @param workerId       工作机器ID,数据范围为0~3
     * @param clock          true表示解决高并发下获取时间戳的性能问题
     * @param timeOffset     允许时间回拨的毫秒量,建议5ms
     * @param randomSequence true表示使用毫秒内的随机序列(超过范围则取余)
     */
    public Sequence(long dataCenterId, long workerId, boolean clock, long timeOffset, boolean randomSequence) {
        if (dataCenterId > MAX_DATA_CENTER_ID || dataCenterId < 0) {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Data Center Id can't be greater than " + MAX_DATA_CENTER_ID + " or less than 0");
        }
        if (workerId > MAX_WORKER_ID || workerId < 0) {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Worker Id can't be greater than " + MAX_WORKER_ID + " or less than 0");
        }

        this.workerId = workerId;
        this.dataCenterId = dataCenterId;
        this.clock = clock;
        this.timeOffset = timeOffset;
        this.randomSequence = randomSequence;
    }

    /**
     * 获取ID
     *
     * @return long
     */
    public synchronized Long nextId() {
        long currentTimestamp = this.timeGen();

        // 闰秒:如果当前时间小于上一次ID生成的时间戳,说明系统时钟回退过,这个时候应当抛出异常
        if (currentTimestamp < lastTimestamp) {
            // 校验时间偏移回拨量
            long offset = lastTimestamp - currentTimestamp;
            if (offset > timeOffset) {
                throw new RuntimeException("Clock moved backwards, refusing to generate id for [" + offset + "ms]");
            }

            try {
                // 时间回退timeOffset毫秒内,则允许等待2倍的偏移量后重新获取,解决小范围的时间回拨问题
                this.wait(offset << 1);
            } catch (Exception e) {
                throw new RuntimeException(e);
            }
            // 再次获取
            currentTimestamp = this.timeGen();
            // 再次校验
            if (currentTimestamp < lastTimestamp) {
                throw new RuntimeException("Clock moved backwards, refusing to generate id for [" + offset + "ms]");
            }
        }

        // 同一毫秒内序列直接自增
        if (lastTimestamp == currentTimestamp) {
            // randomSequence为true表示随机生成允许范围内的序列起始值并取余数,否则毫秒内起始值为0L开始自增
            long tempSequence = sequence + 1;
            if (randomSequence && tempSequence > SEQUENCE_MASK) {
                tempSequence = tempSequence % SEQUENCE_MASK;
            }

            // 通过位与运算保证计算的结果范围始终是 0-4095
            sequence = tempSequence & SEQUENCE_MASK;
            if (sequence == 0) {
                currentTimestamp = this.tilNextMillis(lastTimestamp);
            }
        } else {
            // randomSequence为true表示随机生成允许范围内的序列起始值,否则毫秒内起始值为0L开始自增
            sequence = randomSequence ? tlr.nextLong(SEQUENCE_MASK + 1) : 0L;
        }

        lastTimestamp = currentTimestamp;
        long currentOffsetTime = currentTimestamp - START_TIME;

        /*
         * 1.左移运算是为了将数值移动到对应的段(41、5、5,12那段因为本来就在最右,因此不用左移)
         * 2.然后对每个左移后的值(la、lb、lc、sequence)做位或运算,是为了把各个短的数据合并起来,合并成一个二进制数
         * 3.最后转换成10进制,就是最终生成的id
         */
        return (currentOffsetTime << TIMESTAMP_LEFT_SHIFT) |
                // 数据中心位
                (dataCenterId << DATA_CENTER_ID_SHIFT) |
                // 工作ID位
                (workerId << WORKER_ID_SHIFT) |
                // 毫秒序列化位
                sequence;
    }

    /**
     * 保证返回的毫秒数在参数之后(阻塞到下一个毫秒,直到获得新的时间戳)——CAS
     *
     * @param lastTimestamp last timestamp
     * @return next millis
     */
    private long tilNextMillis(long lastTimestamp) {
        long timestamp = this.timeGen();
        while (timestamp <= lastTimestamp) {
            // 如果发现时间回拨,则自动重新获取(可能会处于无限循环中)
            timestamp = this.timeGen();
        }

        return timestamp;
    }

    /**
     * 获得系统当前毫秒时间戳
     *
     * @return timestamp 毫秒时间戳
     */
    private long timeGen() {
        return clock ? SystemClock.INSTANCE.currentTimeMillis() : System.currentTimeMillis();
    }

}
利用ScheduledExecutorService实现高并发场景下System.curentTimeMillis()的性能问题的优化.
public enum SystemClock {

    // ====

    INSTANCE(1);

    private final long period;
    private final AtomicLong nowTime;
    private boolean started = false;
    private ScheduledExecutorService executorService;

    SystemClock(long period) {
        this.period = period;
        this.nowTime = new AtomicLong(System.currentTimeMillis());
    }

    /**
     * The initialize scheduled executor service
     */
    public void initialize() {
        if (started) {
            return;
        }

        this.executorService = new ScheduledThreadPoolExecutor(1, r -> {
            Thread thread = new Thread(r, "system-clock");
            thread.setDaemon(true);
            return thread;
        });
        executorService.scheduleAtFixedRate(() -> nowTime.set(System.currentTimeMillis()),
                this.period, this.period, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS);
        Runtime.getRuntime().addShutdownHook(new Thread(this::destroy));
        started = true;
    }

    /**
     * The get current time milliseconds
     *
     * @return long time
     */
    public long currentTimeMillis() {
        return started ? nowTime.get() : System.currentTimeMillis();
    }

    /**
     * The get string current time
     *
     * @return string time
     */
    public String currentTime() {
        return new Timestamp(currentTimeMillis()).toString();
    }

    /**
     * The destroy of executor service
     */
    public void destroy() {
        if (executorService != null) {
            executorService.shutdown();
        }
    }

}

使用spring 单例使用举列子:

@Component
public class SingleIdWorker {

    private final long workerId;

    Logger logger = LoggerFactory.getLogger(SingleIdWorker.class);

    /**
     * 获取当前服务实例编号,作为分布式Id生成器机器位
     * @param discoveryClient
     * @param registration
     */
    public SingleIdWorker(DiscoveryClient discoveryClient, Registration registration){
        String serviceId = registration.getServiceId();
        List<ServiceInstance> siList = discoveryClient.getInstances(serviceId);
        this.workerId = siList.size();
    }

    @Bean(name = "contentIDWork")
    Sequence contentIDWork(){
        logger.info("init content workId success!workId = {}",workerId);
        return new Sequence(1L, workerId,true, 5L,true);
    }

    @Bean(name = "commentIDWork")
    Sequence commentIDWork(){
        logger.info("init comment workId success!workId = {}",workerId);
        return new Sequence(6L, workerId,true, 5L,true);
    }

    /**
     * 阅读历史
     * @return
     */
    @Bean(name = "readHisIDWork")
    Sequence readHisIDWork(){
        logger.info("init comment workId success!workId = {}",workerId);
        return new Sequence(9L, workerId,true, 5L,true);
    }
}

在需要生成id的业务类中使用如下:

/**
*注入id生成器
*/
@Resource
private Sequence commentIDWork;

/**
*调用nextId即可生成id
*/
Long commentId = commentIDWork.nextId();

 

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