C语言——IO操作（二）

1.5 printf 和 scanf

• printf()

       #include <stdio.h>

       int printf(const char *format, ...);
       int fprintf(FILE *stream, const char *format, ...);
       int dprintf(int fd, const char *format, ...);
       int sprintf(char *str, const char *format, ...);
       int snprintf(char *str, size_t size, const char *format, ...);

       int atoi(const char *nptr);
       long atol(const char *nptr);
       long long atoll(const char *nptr);


       #include <stdarg.h>

       int vprintf(const char *format, va_list ap);
       int vfprintf(FILE *stream, const char *format, va_list ap);
       int vdprintf(int fd, const char *format, va_list ap);
       int vsprintf(char *str, const char *format, va_list ap);
       int vsnprintf(char *str, size_t size, const char *format, va_list ap);

• scanf()

       #include <stdio.h>

       int scanf(const char *format, ...);
       int fscanf(FILE *stream, const char *format, ...);
       int sscanf(const char *str, const char *format, ...);

       #include <stdarg.h>

       int vscanf(const char *format, va_list ap);
       int vsscanf(const char *str, const char *format, va_list ap);
       int vfscanf(FILE *stream, const char *format, va_list ap);

1.6 fseek、ftell 和 rewind

       #include <stdio.h>

       int fseek(FILE *stream, long offset, int whence); //设置指针位置
       long ftell(FILE *stream); //返回当前指针位置
       void rewind(FILE *stream); //重定向到文件开头
DESCRIPTION
       The fseek() function sets the file position indicator for the stream 
       pointed to by stream. The new position, measured in bytes, is obtained 
       by adding offset bytes to the position specified by whence. If whence 
       is set to SEEK_SET, SEEK_CUR, or SEEK_END, the offset is relative to 
       the start of the file, the current position indicator, or end-of-file, 
       respectively. A successful call to the fseek() function clears the  
       end-of-file indicator for the stream and undoes any effects of the 
       ungetc(3) function on the same stream.

       The  ftell()  function  obtains  the current value of the file 
       position indicator for the stream pointed to by stream.

       The rewind() function sets the file position indicator for the stream 
       pointed to by stream to the beginning of the file. It is equivalent 
       to:

              (void) fseek(stream, 0L, SEEK_SET)

       except that the error indicator for the stream is also cleared (see 
       clearerr(3)).
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------

       #include <stdio.h>

       int fseeko(FILE *stream, off_t offset, int whence);
       off_t ftello(FILE *stream);
	   
       #define _FILE_OFFSET_BITS	64
	   CFLAGS+=-D_FILE_OFFSET_BITS=64

• fseek

int fseek(FILE *stream, long offset, int whence);

------------------------------------------------------------
    stream 流指针
    offset 偏移量
    whence 起始位置
    |SEEK_SET |  0	|文件开头|
    |SEEK_CUR |  1	|文件当前|
    |SEEK_END |  2	|文件结尾|

1.7 fflush

 	   #include <stdio.h>

       int fflush(FILE *stream);
DESCRIPTION
       For  output  streams,  fflush()  forces a write of all user-space 
       buffered data for the given output or update stream via the stream's 
       underlying write function.

       For input streams associated with seekable files (e.g., disk files, 
       but not pipes or terminals), fflush() discards any buffered data that 
       has been fetched from the underlying file, but has not been consumed 
       by the application.
           
       The open status of the stream is unaffected.

       If the stream argument is NULL, fflush() flushes all open output 
       streams.

       For a nonlocking counterpart, see unlocked_stdio(3).

RETURN VALUE
       Upon successful completion 0 is returned.  Otherwise, EOF is returned 
       and errno is set to indicate the error.

• 示例

#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
 
int main()
{
 
   char buff[1024];
 
   memset( buff, '\0', sizeof( buff ));
 
   fprintf(stdout, "启用全缓冲\n");
   setvbuf(stdout, buff, _IOFBF, 1024);
 
   fprintf(stdout, "该输出将保存到 buff\n");
   fflush( stdout );
 
   fprintf(stdout, "这将在编程时出现\n");
   fprintf(stdout, "最后休眠五秒钟\n");
 
   sleep(5);
 
   return(0);
}
------------------------------------------------------------------------
让我们编译并运行上面的程序，这将产生以下结果。在这里，程序把缓冲输出保存到 buff，直到首次调用 fflush() 为止，然后开始缓冲输出，最后休眠 5 秒钟。它会在程序结束之前，发送剩余的输出到 STDOUT。
    ____引用 runoob.com
    

1.8 getline

SYNOPSIS
       #include <stdio.h>

       ssize_t getline(char **lineptr, size_t *n, FILE *stream);
       ssize_t getdelim(char **lineptr, size_t *n, int delim, FILE *stream);

DESCRIPTION
       getline() reads an entire line from stream, storing the address of 
       the buffer containing the text into *lineptr.  The buffer is null-
       terminated and includes the newline character, if one was found.

       If *lineptr is set to NULL and *n is set 0 before the call, then 
       getline() will allocate a buffer for storing the line. This buffer 
       hould be freed by the user program even if getline() failed.

       Alternatively,  before  calling  getline(), *lineptr can contain a 
       pointer to a malloc(3)-allocated buffer *n bytes in size. If the 
       buffer is not large enough to hold the line,  getline() resizes it  
       with  realloc(3), updating *lineptr and *n as necessary.

       In either case, on a successful call, *lineptr and *n will be updated 
       to reflect the buffer address and allocated size respectively.

• 示例

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <errno.h>


int main (int argc, char *argv[]){

    FILE *fp;
    char *linebuf;
    size_t linesize;
    int count = 0;
    if (argc < 2){
        fprintf(stderr, "Usage:%s <src_file>\n", argv[0]);
        exit(-1);
    }

    fp = fopen(argv[1], "r");
    if (fp == NULL){
        perror("fopen()");
        exit(-1);
    }
    ssize_t read;
    
    linebuf = NULL;
    linesize = 0;
    read = 0;
    
    while (1){
       if ((read = getline(&linebuf, &linesize, fp)) < 0){
           break;
       }
        printf("%d\n", strlen(linebuf));
    }
    
    // free(linebuf);
    // linebuf = NULL;
    fclose(fp);


    return 0;
}
----------------------------------------------------------------------
    统计文件每行字符数量

2 临时文件

问题：

1.如何不冲突地创建文件。

2.没有及时销毁临时文件。

• 函数

tmpnam	tmpfile
    
    char *tmpnam(char *s); //返回一个可用的名字 可能被大断

       The tmpnam() function returns a pointer to a string that is a valid 
       filename, and such that a file with this name did not exist at some 
       point in time, so that naive programmers may think it a suitable name 
       for a temporary file.If the argument s is NULL, this name is generated 
       in an internal static buffer and may be over‐written by the next call 
       to tmpnam().  If s is not NULL, the name is copied to the character 
       array (of length at least L_tmpnam) pointed to by s and the value s is 
       returned in case of success.

       The  created  pathname has a directory prefix P_tmpdir. (Both L_tmpnam 
       and P_tmpdir are defined in <stdio.h>, just like the TMP_MAX mentioned 
       below.)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 
     FILE *tmpfile(void); //匿名文件 关闭文件时直接销毁 不会冲突 不会被打断

DESCRIPTION
       The  tmpfile() function opens a unique temporary file in binary 
       read/write (w+b) mode. The file will be automatically deleted when 
       it is closed or the program terminates.