Linux 基础 - 字符处理

Linux 字符处理

管道：|

[root@localhost ~]# ls -l /etc | more

搜索文本：grep

• -i 不区分大小写
• -v 反向匹配
• -c 统计包含匹配的行数
• -n 输出行号

现在有这样一个文件

[root@localhost home]# cat tj.txt
The cat's name is Tom, what's the mouse's name?
The mouse's NAME is Jerry.
They are good friends.

找出含有 name 的行

[root@localhost home]# grep 'name' tj.txt
The cat's name is Tom, what's the mouse's name?

输出行号

[root@localhost home]# grep -n 'name' tj.txt
1:The cat's name is Tom, what's the mouse's name?

不区分大小写

[root@localhost home]# grep -i 'name' tj.txt
The cat's name is Tom, what's the mouse's name?
The mouse's NAME is Jerry.

统计行数

[root@localhost home]# grep -c 'name' tj.txt
1
[root@localhost home]# grep -ci 'name' tj.txt
2

反向匹配

[root@localhost home]# grep -v 'name' tj.txt
The mouse's NAME is Jerry.
They are good friends.
[root@localhost home]# grep -vi 'name' tj.txt
They are good friends.

使用管道符

[root@localhost home]# cat tj.txt | grep -vi name
They are good friends.

排序：sort

• -n 采取数字排序
• -t 指定分隔符
• -k 指定第几列
• -r 反向排序

现在有这样一个文件

[root@localhost home]# cat sort.txt
b:3
c:2
a:4
e:5
d:1
f:11

对输出内容进行排序

[root@localhost home]# cat sort.txt | sort
a:4
b:3
c:2
d:1
e:5
f:11

反向排序

[root@localhost home]# cat sort.txt | sort -r
f:11
e:5
d:1
c:2
b:3
a:4

使用 : 将其分割，然后用后面的数字排序

[root@localhost home]# cat sort.txt | sort -t ":" -k 2
d:1
f:11
c:2
b:3
a:4
e:5

发现 11 在第二个，因为默认是当做字符串处理

[root@localhost home]# cat sort.txt | sort -t ":" -k 2 -n
d:1
c:2
b:3
a:4
e:5
f:11

删除重复内容：uniq

• -i 不区分大小写
• -c 计算重复行数

现在有这样一个文件

[root@localhost home]# cat uniq.txt
abc
123
abc
123

[root@localhost home]# cat uniq.txt | uniq
abc
123
abc
123
[root@localhost home]# cat uniq.txt | sort
123
123
abc
abc
[root@localhost home]# cat uniq.txt | sort | uniq
123
abc
[root@localhost home]# cat uniq.txt | sort | uniq -c
      2 123
      2 abc

可以看出，如果重复行不连续，uniq 则不具备删除效果，即 uniq 会输出若干连续相同行的第一行

截取文本：cut

cut -f 指定列 -d 分隔符

cut -c 指定列的字符

[root@localhost home]# cat /etc/passwd | cut -f 1,6 -d :
root:/root
......(略去部分内容)......
onlychina:/home/onlychina
onlychina1:/home/onlychina1
onlychina5555:/home/onlychina5555
[root@localhost home]# cat /etc/passwd | cut -c 1-5,7-10
root::0:0
......(略去部分内容)......
onlycina:
onlycina1
onlycina5

文本转换：tr

小写转大写

[root@localhost home]# cat /etc/passwd | tr [a-z] [A-Z]
ROOT:X:0:0:ROOT:/ROOT:/BIN/BASH
......(略去部分内容)......
ONLYCHINA:X:1000:1000::/HOME/ONLYCHINA:/BIN/BASH
ONLYCHINA1:X:1001:1000::/HOME/ONLYCHINA1:/BIN/BASH
ONLYCHINA5555:X:5555:5555::/HOME/ONLYCHINA5555:/BIN/BASH

删除内容

[root@localhost home]# cat /etc/passwd | tr -d :
rootx00root/root/bin/bash
......(略去部分内容)......
onlychinax10001000/home/onlychina/bin/bash
onlychina1x10011000/home/onlychina1/bin/bash
onlychina5555x55555555/home/onlychina5555/bin/bash

文本合并：paste

按行进行合并

[root@localhost home]# cat a.txt
1
2
3
[root@localhost home]# cat b.txt
a
b
c
[root@localhost home]# paste a.txt b.txt
1       a
2       b
3       c
[root@localhost home]# paste -d : a.txt b.txt
1:a
2:b
3:c

分割文件：split

split -l 500 big_file.txt small_file_ 按照文件行数，将大文件分割成多个小文件

split -b 64m big_bin small_bin 按照文件大小，将大文件分割成 64MB 多个小文件