Java 正则表达式——捕获组

捕获组分为：

• 普通捕获组(Expression)
• 命名捕获组(?Expression)

1. 普通捕获组

从正则表达式左侧开始，每出现一个左括号"("记做一个分组，分组编号从 1 开始。0 代表整个表达式。

对于时间字符串：2017-04-25，表达式如下

(\\d{4})-((\\d{2})-(\\d{2}))

有 4 个左括号，所以有 4 个分组：

编号	捕获组	匹配
0	(\d{4})-((\d{2})-(\d{2}))	2017-04-25
1	(\d{4})	2017
2	((\d{2})-(\d{2}))	04-25
3	(\d{2})	04
4	(\d{2})	25

public static final String DATE_STRING = "2017-04-25";
public static final String P_COMM = "(\\d{4})-((\\d{2})-(\\d{2}))";
 
Pattern pattern = Pattern.compile(P_COMM);
Matcher matcher = pattern.matcher(DATE_STRING);
matcher.find();//必须要有这句
System.out.printf("\nmatcher.group(0) value:%s", matcher.group(0));
System.out.printf("\nmatcher.group(1) value:%s", matcher.group(1));
System.out.printf("\nmatcher.group(2) value:%s", matcher.group(2));
System.out.printf("\nmatcher.group(3) value:%s", matcher.group(3));
System.out.printf("\nmatcher.group(4) value:%s", matcher.group(4));

2. 命名捕获组

每个以左括号开始的捕获组，都紧跟着 ?，而后才是正则表达式。

对于时间字符串：2017-04-25，表达式如下:

(?\\d{4})-(?(?\\d{2})-(?\\d{2}))

有 4 个命名的捕获组，分别是:

编号	名称	捕获组	匹配
0	0	(?\d{4})-(?(?\d{2})-(?\d{2}))	2017-04-25
1	year	(?\d{4})	2017
2	md	(?(?\d{2})-(?\d{2}))	04-25
3	month	(?\d{2})	04
4	day	(?\d{2})	25

public static final String P_NAMED = "(?\\d{4})-(?(?\\d{2})-(?\\d{2}))";
public static final String DATE_STRING = "2017-04-25";
 
Pattern pattern = Pattern.compile(P_NAMED);
Matcher matcher = pattern.matcher(DATE_STRING);
matcher.find();
System.out.printf("\n===========使用名称获取=============");
System.out.printf("\nmatcher.group(0) value:%s", matcher.group(0));
System.out.printf("\n matcher.group('year') value:%s", matcher.group("year"));
System.out.printf("\nmatcher.group('md') value:%s", matcher.group("md"));
System.out.printf("\nmatcher.group('month') value:%s", matcher.group("month"));
System.out.printf("\nmatcher.group('date') value:%s", matcher.group("date"));
matcher.reset();
System.out.printf("\n===========使用编号获取=============");
matcher.find();
System.out.printf("\nmatcher.group(0) value:%s", matcher.group(0));
System.out.printf("\nmatcher.group(1) value:%s", matcher.group(1));
System.out.printf("\nmatcher.group(2) value:%s", matcher.group(2));
System.out.printf("\nmatcher.group(3) value:%s", matcher.group(3));
System.out.printf("\nmatcher.group(4) value:%s", matcher.group(4));

3. 非捕获组

在左括号后紧跟 ?:，而后再加上正则表达式，构成非捕获组 (?:Expression)。

对于时间字符串：2017-04-25，表达式如下：

(?:\\d{4})-((\\d{2})-(\\d{2}))

这个正则表达式虽然有四个左括号，理论上有 4 个捕获组。但是第一组 (?:\d{4})，其实是被忽略的。当使用 matcher.group(4) 时，系统会报错。

编号	捕获组	匹配
0	(\d{4})-((\d{2})-(\d{2}))	2017-04-25
1	((\d{2})-(\d{2}))	04-25
2	(\d{2})	04
3	(\d{2})	25