linux 学习笔记之 Process Control

• Process Identifiers

Every process has unique process ID, a non-negative integer. Process ID 0 is swapper. Process ID 1 is usually the init process and is invoked by the kernel at the end of the bootstrap procedure. The init process never dies. It is a normal user process, not a system process within the kernel, like the swapper, although it does run with super user privileges.

• Fork Function

  pid_t fork( void )

A technique called copy-on-write (COW) is used. These regions are shared by the parent and child and have their protection changed by the kernel to read-only. If either process tries to modify these regions, the kernel then makes a copy of that piece of memory only, typically a “page” in a virtual memory system.

The parent and child share a file table entry for every open descriptor. It is import that the parent and child share the same of file offset.

• Child process inherited from parent process:

1. Real user ID, real group ID, effective user ID, effective group ID
2. Supplementary group ID
3. Process group ID
4. Session ID
5. Controlling terminal
6. The set-user-ID and set-group-ID flags
7. Current working directory
8. Root directory
9. File mode creation mask
10. Signal mask and dispositions
11. The close-on exec flag from any open file descriptors
12. Environment