sql语言子查询

子查询

/*
含义：
出现在其他语句中的select语句，称为子查询或内查询
外部的查询语句，称为主查询或外查询

分类：
按子查询出现的位置：
select 后面

分类：
按子查询出现的位置：
select 后面
仅仅支持标量子查询
from 后面
支持表子查询
where 或having 后面 ⭐
标量子查询（单行）√
列子查询 （多行） √
行子查询
exists 后面（相关子查询）
表子查询
按结果集的行列数不同
标量子查询（结果集只有一行一列）
列子查询（结果集只有一列多行）
行子查询（结果集有一行多列）
表子查询（结果集一般为多行多列）

*/

#一、where 或 having 后面
#1，标量子查询（单行子查询）

暂时没有例子

#2.列子查询（多行子查询）

/*特点：
①子查询放在小括号内
②子查询一般放在条件的右侧
③标量子查询，一般搭配单行操作符使用

< >= <= <>

列子查询：一般搭配着多行操作符使用
in、 any/some、all
④子查询的执行优先于主查询，主查询的条件用到了子查询的结果
*/

#1.标量子查询

#案例1：谁的工资比abel 高？
#①查询Abel的工资

SELECT salary FROM employees WHERE last_name='Abel';

#②查询员工的信息，满足 salary>①结果

SELECT *
FROM employees
WHERE salary>(
	SELECT salary FROM employees WHERE last_name='Abel'
		);

#案例2：：返回job_id 与141号员工相同，salary比143号员工多的员工姓名，job_id和工资

#①先查找141号员工的job_id

SELECT job_id
FROM employees
WHERE employee_id = 141;

#②查找143号员工的salary

SELECT salary
FROM employees
WHERE employee_id = 143;

#③查找员工的姓名，job_id 和 工资，要求 job_id =① 并且

salary>②
SELECT last_name,job_id,salary
FROM employees
WHERE job_id = (
	SELECT job_id
	FROM employees
	WHERE employee_id = 141) 
AND  salary>(
	SELECT salary
	FROM employees
	WHERE employee_id = 143
);

#案例3：返回公司工资最少的员工的last_name,job_id和salary

#①查询公司的最低工资

SELECT MIN(salary)
FROM employees;
#②查询员工工资=①的员工的last_name,job_id 和salary
SELECT last_name,job_id,salary
FROM employees
WHERE salary = (
	SELECT MIN(salary)
	FROM employees
);

#案例4：查询最低工资大于50号部门最低工资的部门id和其最低工资

#①查询50部门的最低工资

SELECT MIN(salary)
FROM employees
WHERE department_id = 50;

#②查询最低工资大于①的部门id和其最低工资

SELECT department_id,MIN(salary)
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id
HAVING MIN(salary)>(
	SELECT MIN(salary)
	FROM employees
	WHERE department_id = 50
);

#非法使用标量子查询
/*

SELECT department_id,MIN(salary)
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id
HAVING MIN(salary)>(
	SELECT salary
	FROM employees
	WHERE department_id = 50
);

SELECT department_id,MIN(salary)
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id
HAVING MIN(salary)>(
	SELECT salary
	FROM employees
	WHERE department_id = 250
);

*/

#2.列子查询（多行子查询）
#案例1：返回location_id是1400或1700的部门中的所有员工姓名

#①查询location_id是1400和1700的部门编号

SELECT DISTINCT department_id
FROM departments
WHERE location_id=1400 || location_id=1700;

#②查询②部门中的所有员工姓名

SELECT last_name
FROM employees
WHERE department_id IN (
	SELECT DISTINCT department_id
	FROM departments
	WHERE location_id=1400 || location_id=1700
);

#案例2：返回其他工种中比job_id 为‘IT_PROG’工种任一工资低的员工的工号，姓名，job_id 以及 salary

#①查询job_id 为‘IT_PROG’部门的任意工资

SELECT DISTINCT salary
FROM employees
WHERE job_id ='IT_PROG';

#②查询工号、姓名、job_id和salary

SELECT last_name,employee_id,job_id,salary
FROM employees
WHERE salary<ANY(
	SELECT DISTINCT salary
	FROM employees
	WHERE job_id ='IT_PROG'
)
AND job_id <> 'IT_PROG';

#案例3：返回其他工种中比job_id 为‘IT_PROG’工种所有工资低的员工的工号，姓名，job_id 以及 salary

#①查询job_id 为‘IT_PROG’部门的任意工资

SELECT DISTINCT salary
FROM employees
WHERE job_id ='IT_PROG';

#②查询工号、姓名、job_id和salary

SELECT last_name,employee_id,job_id,salary
FROM employees
WHERE salary<ALL(
	SELECT DISTINCT salary
	FROM employees
	WHERE job_id ='IT_PROG'
)
AND job_id <> 'IT_PROG';

#3、行子查询（结果集一行多列或多行多列）

#案例：查询员工编号最小并且工资最高的员工信息

#行子查询

SELECT * FROM employees
WHERE (employee_id,salary) = (
	SELECT MIN(employee_id),MAX(salary)
	FROM employees
);

#①查询最小员工编号

SELECT MIN(employee_id)
FROM employees;

#②查询最高工资

SELECT MAX(salary)
FROM employees;

#③查询员工信息

SELECT	*
FROM employees
WHERE employee_id =(
	SELECT MIN(employee_id)
	FROM employees
)
AND salary = (
	SELECT MAX(salary)
	FROM employees
);

#二、select 后面

/*
仅仅支持标量子查询
*/

#案例：查询每个部门的员工个数

SELECT d.*,(
SELECT 
	COUNT(*)
FROM 
	employees e
WHERE 
	e.department_id =d.`department_id`
)
FROM departments d;

#案例2：查询员工号=102的部门名

SELECT (
SELECT department_name
FROM departments d
INNER JOIN employees e
ON d.department_id =e.department_id
WHERE e.employee_id =102
);

#三、from后面
/*
将子查询结果充当一张表，要求必须起别名
*/

#案例：查询每个部门的平均工资的工资等级
#①查询每个部门的平均工资

SELECT AVG(salary),department_id
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id;

#②连接①的结果集和job_grades表，筛选条件平均工资

SELECT  ag_dep.*,g.`grade_level`
FROM (
	SELECT AVG(salary) ag,department_id
	FROM employees
	GROUP BY department_id
) ag_dep 
INNER JOIN job_grades g ON ag_dep.ag BETWEEN lowest_sal AND highest_sal;

#四、exists后面（相关子查询）
/*
exists()查询查询是否存在,存在返回1，否则返回 0
语法：
exists（完整的查询语句）
*/

SELECT EXISTS(SELECT employee_id FROM employees);

#案例1：查询有员工的部门名

SELECT department_name
FROM departments d
WHERE EXISTS(
	SELECT *
	FROM employees e
	WHERE e.`department_id`=d.`department_id`
);