子查询
/*
含义:
出现在其他语句中的select语句,称为子查询或内查询
外部的查询语句,称为主查询或外查询
分类:
按子查询出现的位置:
select 后面
分类:
按子查询出现的位置:
select 后面
仅仅支持标量子查询
from 后面
支持表子查询
where 或having 后面 ⭐
标量子查询(单行)√
列子查询 (多行) √
行子查询
exists 后面(相关子查询)
表子查询
按结果集的行列数不同
标量子查询(结果集只有一行一列)
列子查询(结果集只有一列多行)
行子查询(结果集有一行多列)
表子查询(结果集一般为多行多列)
*/
#一、where 或 having 后面
#1,标量子查询(单行子查询)
暂时没有例子
#2.列子查询(多行子查询)
/*特点:
①子查询放在小括号内
②子查询一般放在条件的右侧
③标量子查询,一般搭配单行操作符使用
< >= <= <>
列子查询:一般搭配着多行操作符使用
in、 any/some、all
④子查询的执行优先于主查询,主查询的条件用到了子查询的结果
*/
#1.标量子查询
#案例1:谁的工资比abel 高?
#①查询Abel的工资
SELECT salary FROM employees WHERE last_name='Abel';
#②查询员工的信息,满足 salary>①结果
SELECT *
FROM employees
WHERE salary>(
SELECT salary FROM employees WHERE last_name='Abel'
);
#案例2::返回job_id 与141号员工相同,salary比143号员工多的员工姓名,job_id和工资
#①先查找141号员工的job_id
SELECT job_id
FROM employees
WHERE employee_id = 141;
#②查找143号员工的salary
SELECT salary
FROM employees
WHERE employee_id = 143;
#③查找员工的姓名,job_id 和 工资,要求 job_id =① 并且
salary>②
SELECT last_name,job_id,salary
FROM employees
WHERE job_id = (
SELECT job_id
FROM employees
WHERE employee_id = 141)
AND salary>(
SELECT salary
FROM employees
WHERE employee_id = 143
);
#案例3:返回公司工资最少的员工的last_name,job_id和salary
#①查询公司的最低工资
SELECT MIN(salary)
FROM employees;
#②查询员工工资=①的员工的last_name,job_id 和salary
SELECT last_name,job_id,salary
FROM employees
WHERE salary = (
SELECT MIN(salary)
FROM employees
);
#案例4:查询最低工资大于50号部门最低工资的部门id和其最低工资
#①查询50部门的最低工资
SELECT MIN(salary)
FROM employees
WHERE department_id = 50;
#②查询最低工资大于①的部门id和其最低工资
SELECT department_id,MIN(salary)
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id
HAVING MIN(salary)>(
SELECT MIN(salary)
FROM employees
WHERE department_id = 50
);
#非法使用标量子查询
/*
SELECT department_id,MIN(salary)
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id
HAVING MIN(salary)>(
SELECT salary
FROM employees
WHERE department_id = 50
);
SELECT department_id,MIN(salary)
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id
HAVING MIN(salary)>(
SELECT salary
FROM employees
WHERE department_id = 250
);
*/
#2.列子查询(多行子查询)
#案例1:返回location_id是1400或1700的部门中的所有员工姓名
#①查询location_id是1400和1700的部门编号
SELECT DISTINCT department_id
FROM departments
WHERE location_id=1400 || location_id=1700;
#②查询②部门中的所有员工姓名
SELECT last_name
FROM employees
WHERE department_id IN (
SELECT DISTINCT department_id
FROM departments
WHERE location_id=1400 || location_id=1700
);
#案例2:返回其他工种中比job_id 为‘IT_PROG’工种任一工资低的员工的工号,姓名,job_id 以及 salary
#①查询job_id 为‘IT_PROG’部门的任意工资
SELECT DISTINCT salary
FROM employees
WHERE job_id ='IT_PROG';
#②查询工号、姓名、job_id和salary
SELECT last_name,employee_id,job_id,salary
FROM employees
WHERE salary<ANY(
SELECT DISTINCT salary
FROM employees
WHERE job_id ='IT_PROG'
)
AND job_id <> 'IT_PROG';
#案例3:返回其他工种中比job_id 为‘IT_PROG’工种所有工资低的员工的工号,姓名,job_id 以及 salary
#①查询job_id 为‘IT_PROG’部门的任意工资
SELECT DISTINCT salary
FROM employees
WHERE job_id ='IT_PROG';
#②查询工号、姓名、job_id和salary
SELECT last_name,employee_id,job_id,salary
FROM employees
WHERE salary<ALL(
SELECT DISTINCT salary
FROM employees
WHERE job_id ='IT_PROG'
)
AND job_id <> 'IT_PROG';
#3、行子查询(结果集一行多列或多行多列)
#案例:查询员工编号最小并且工资最高的员工信息
#行子查询
SELECT * FROM employees
WHERE (employee_id,salary) = (
SELECT MIN(employee_id),MAX(salary)
FROM employees
);
#①查询最小员工编号
SELECT MIN(employee_id)
FROM employees;
#②查询最高工资
SELECT MAX(salary)
FROM employees;
#③查询员工信息
SELECT *
FROM employees
WHERE employee_id =(
SELECT MIN(employee_id)
FROM employees
)
AND salary = (
SELECT MAX(salary)
FROM employees
);
#二、select 后面
/*
仅仅支持标量子查询
*/
#案例:查询每个部门的员工个数
SELECT d.*,(
SELECT
COUNT(*)
FROM
employees e
WHERE
e.department_id =d.`department_id`
)
FROM departments d;
#案例2:查询员工号=102的部门名
SELECT (
SELECT department_name
FROM departments d
INNER JOIN employees e
ON d.department_id =e.department_id
WHERE e.employee_id =102
);
#三、from后面
/*
将子查询结果充当一张表,要求必须起别名
*/
#案例:查询每个部门的平均工资的工资等级
#①查询每个部门的平均工资
SELECT AVG(salary),department_id
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id;
#②连接①的结果集和job_grades表,筛选条件平均工资
SELECT ag_dep.*,g.`grade_level`
FROM (
SELECT AVG(salary) ag,department_id
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id
) ag_dep
INNER JOIN job_grades g ON ag_dep.ag BETWEEN lowest_sal AND highest_sal;
#四、exists后面(相关子查询)
/*
exists()查询查询是否存在,存在返回1,否则返回 0
语法:
exists(完整的查询语句)
*/
SELECT EXISTS(SELECT employee_id FROM employees);
#案例1:查询有员工的部门名
SELECT department_name
FROM departments d
WHERE EXISTS(
SELECT *
FROM employees e
WHERE e.`department_id`=d.`department_id`
);