深入浅出MFC文档/视图架构之文档模板

文档模板管理者类CDocManager

  在"文档/视图"架构的MFC程序中,提供了文档模板管理者类CDocManager,由它管理应用程序所包含的文档模板。我们先看看这个类的声明:

 

class CPtrList : public CObject
{
 DECLARE_DYNAMIC(CPtrList)

 protected:
  struct CNode
  {
   CNode* pNext; 
   CNode* pPrev;
   void* data;
  };
 public:

  // Construction
  CPtrList(int nBlockSize = 10);

  // Attributes (head and tail)
  // count of elements
  int GetCount() const;
  BOOL IsEmpty() const;

  // peek at head or tail
  void*& GetHead();
  void* GetHead() const;
  void*& GetTail();
  void* GetTail() const;

  // Operations
  // get head or tail (and remove it) - don't call on empty list!
  void* RemoveHead();
  void* RemoveTail();

  // add before head or after tail
  POSITION AddHead(void* newElement);
  POSITION AddTail(void* newElement);

  // add another list of elements before head or after tail
  void AddHead(CPtrList* pNewList);
  void AddTail(CPtrList* pNewList);

  // remove all elements
  void RemoveAll();

  // iteration
  POSITION GetHeadPosition() const;
  POSITION GetTailPosition() const;
  void*& GetNext(POSITION& rPosition); // return *Position++
  void* GetNext(POSITION& rPosition) const; // return *Position++
  void*& GetPrev(POSITION& rPosition); // return *Position--
  void* GetPrev(POSITION& rPosition) const; // return *Position--

  // getting/modifying an element at a given position
  void*& GetAt(POSITION position);
  void* GetAt(POSITION position) const;
  void SetAt(POSITION pos, void* newElement);

  void RemoveAt(POSITION position);

  // inserting before or after a given position
  POSITION InsertBefore(POSITION position, void* newElement);
  POSITION InsertAfter(POSITION position, void* newElement);

  // helper functions (note: O(n) speed)
  POSITION Find(void* searchValue, POSITION startAfter = NULL) const;
  // defaults to starting at the HEAD
  // return NULL if not found
  POSITION FindIndex(int nIndex) const;
  // get the 'nIndex'th element (may return NULL)

  // Implementation
 protected:
  CNode* m_pNodeHead;
  CNode* m_pNodeTail;
  int m_nCount;
  CNode* m_pNodeFree;
  struct CPlex* m_pBlocks;
  int m_nBlockSize;

  CNode* NewNode(CNode*, CNode*);
  void FreeNode(CNode*);

 public:
  ~CPtrList();
  #ifdef _DEBUG
   void Dump(CDumpContext&) const;
   void AssertValid() const;
  #endif
  // local typedefs for class templates
  typedef void* BASE_TYPE;
  typedef void* BASE_ARG_TYPE;
};
很显然,CPtrList是对链表结构体
struct CNode
{
 CNode* pNext; 
 CNode* pPrev;
 void* data;
};

 本身及其GetNext、GetPrev、GetAt、SetAt、RemoveAt、InsertBefore、InsertAfter、Find、FindIndex等各种操作的封装。

  作为一个抽象的链表类型,CPtrList并未定义其中节点的具体类型,而以一个void指针(struct CNode 中的void* data)巧妙地实现了链表节点成员具体类型的"模板"化。很显然,在Visual C++6.0开发的年代,C++语言所具有的语法特征"模板"仍然没有得到广泛的应用。
而CDocManager类的成员函数

virtual void AddDocTemplate(CDocTemplate* pTemplate);
virtual POSITION GetFirstDocTemplatePosition() const;
virtual CDocTemplate* GetNextDocTemplate(POSITION& pos) const; 

则完成对m_TemplateList链表的添加及遍历操作的封装,我们来看看这三个函数的源代码:

void CDocManager::AddDocTemplate(CDocTemplate* pTemplate)
{
 if (pTemplate == NULL)
 {
  if (pStaticList != NULL)
  {
   POSITION pos = pStaticList->GetHeadPosition();
   while (pos != NULL)
   {
    CDocTemplate* pTemplate = (CDocTemplate*)pStaticList->GetNext(pos);
    AddDocTemplate(pTemplate);
   }
   delete pStaticList;
   pStaticList = NULL;
  }
  bStaticInit = FALSE;
 }
 else
 {
  ASSERT_VALID(pTemplate);
  ASSERT(m_templateList.Find(pTemplate, NULL) == NULL);// must not be in list
  pTemplate->LoadTemplate();
  m_templateList.AddTail(pTemplate);
 }
}
POSITION CDocManager::GetFirstDocTemplatePosition() const
{
 return m_templateList.GetHeadPosition();
}
CDocTemplate* CDocManager::GetNextDocTemplate(POSITION& pos) const
{
 return (CDocTemplate*)m_templateList.GetNext(pos);
}

2.文档模板类CDocTemplate

  文档模板类CDocTemplate是一个抽象基类(这意味着不能直接用它来定义对象而必须用它的派生类),它定义了文档模板的基本处理函数接口。对一个单文档界面程序,需使用单文档模板类CSingleDocTemplate,而对于一个多文档界面程序,需使用多文档模板类CMultipleDocTemplate。我们首先来看看CDocTemplate类的声明:

 

CDocTemplate::CDocTemplate(UINT nIDResource, CRuntimeClass* pDocClass,
CRuntimeClass* pFrameClass, CRuntimeClass* pViewClass)
{
 ASSERT_VALID_IDR(nIDResource);
 ASSERT(pDocClass == NULL || pDocClass->IsDerivedFrom(RUNTIME_CLASS(CDocument)));
 ASSERT(pFrameClass == NULL ||pFrameClass->IsDerivedFrom(RUNTIME_CLASS(CFrameWnd)));
 ASSERT(pViewClass == NULL || pViewClass->IsDerivedFrom(RUNTIME_CLASS(CView)));

 m_nIDResource = nIDResource;
 m_nIDServerResource = NULL;
 m_nIDEmbeddingResource = NULL;
 m_nIDContainerResource = NULL;

 m_pDocClass = pDocClass;
 m_pFrameClass = pFrameClass;
 m_pViewClass = pViewClass;
 m_pOleFrameClass = NULL;
 m_pOleViewClass = NULL;

 m_pAttachedFactory = NULL;
 m_hMenuInPlace = NULL;
 m_hAccelInPlace = NULL;
 m_hMenuEmbedding = NULL;
 m_hAccelEmbedding = NULL;
 m_hMenuInPlaceServer = NULL;
 m_hAccelInPlaceServer = NULL;

 // add to pStaticList if constructed as static instead of on heap
 if (CDocManager::bStaticInit)
 {
  m_bAutoDelete = FALSE;
  if (CDocManager::pStaticList == NULL)
   CDocManager::pStaticList = new CPtrList;
  if (CDocManager::pStaticDocManager == NULL)
   CDocManager::pStaticDocManager = new CDocManager;
   CDocManager::pStaticList->AddTail(this);
 }
 else
 {
  m_bAutoDelete = TRUE; // usually allocated on the heap
  LoadTemplate();
 }
}

 文档模板类CDocTemplate还保存了它所支持的全部文档类的信息,包括所支持文档的文件扩展名、文档在框架窗口中的名字、图标等。

CDocTemplate类的AddDocument、RemoveDocument成员函数使得CDocument* pDoc参数所指向的文档归属于本文档模板(通过将this指针赋值给pDoc所指向CDocument对象的m_pDocTemplate成员变量)或脱离与本文档模板的关系:

void CDocTemplate::AddDocument(CDocument* pDoc)
{
 ASSERT_VALID(pDoc);
 ASSERT(pDoc->m_pDocTemplate == NULL); // no template attached yet
 pDoc->m_pDocTemplate = this;
}
void CDocTemplate::RemoveDocument(CDocument* pDoc)
{
 ASSERT_VALID(pDoc);
 ASSERT(pDoc->m_pDocTemplate == this); // must be attached to us
 pDoc->m_pDocTemplate = NULL;
}

而CDocTemplate类的CreateNewDocument成员函数则首先调用CDocument运行时类的CreateObject函数创建一个CDocument对象,再调用AddDocument成员函数将其归属于本文档模板类:

CDocument* CDocTemplate::CreateNewDocument()
{
 // default implementation constructs one from CRuntimeClass
 if (m_pDocClass == NULL)
 {
  TRACE0("Error: you must override CDocTemplate::CreateNewDocument./n");
  ASSERT(FALSE);
  return NULL;
 }
 CDocument* pDocument = (CDocument*)m_pDocClass->CreateObject();
 if (pDocument == NULL)
 {
  TRACE1("Warning: Dynamic create of document type %hs failed./n",m_pDocClass->m_lpszClassName);
  return NULL;
 }
 ASSERT_KINDOF(CDocument, pDocument);
 AddDocument(pDocument);
 return pDocument;
}

文档类对象由文档模板类构造生成,单文档模板类CSingleDocTemplate只能生成一个文档类对象,并用成员变量 m_pOnlyDoc 指向该对象;多文档模板类可以生成多个文档类对象,用成员变量 m_docList 指向文档对象组成的链表。

  CSingleDocTemplate的构造函数、AddDocument及RemoveDocument成员函数都在CDocTemplate类相应函数的基础上增加了对m_pOnlyDoc指针的处理:

CSingleDocTemplate::CSingleDocTemplate(UINT nIDResource,
CRuntimeClass* pDocClass, CRuntimeClass* pFrameClass,
CRuntimeClass* pViewClass)
: CDocTemplate(nIDResource, pDocClass, pFrameClass, pViewClass)
{
 m_pOnlyDoc = NULL;
}
void CSingleDocTemplate::AddDocument(CDocument* pDoc)
{
 ASSERT(m_pOnlyDoc == NULL); // one at a time please
 ASSERT_VALID(pDoc);

 CDocTemplate::AddDocument(pDoc);
 m_pOnlyDoc = pDoc;
}
void CSingleDocTemplate::RemoveDocument(CDocument* pDoc)
{
 ASSERT(m_pOnlyDoc == pDoc); // must be this one
 ASSERT_VALID(pDoc);

 CDocTemplate::RemoveDocument(pDoc);
 m_pOnlyDoc = NULL;
}

同样,CMultiDocTemplate类的相关函数也需要对m_docList所指向的链表进行操作(实际上AddDocument和RemoveDocument成员函数是文档模板管理其所包含文档的函数):

// CMultiDocTemplate document management (a list of currently open documents)
void CMultiDocTemplate::AddDocument(CDocument* pDoc)
{
 ASSERT_VALID(pDoc);

 CDocTemplate::AddDocument(pDoc);
 ASSERT(m_docList.Find(pDoc, NULL) == NULL); // must not be in list
 m_docList.AddTail(pDoc);
}
void CMultiDocTemplate::RemoveDocument(CDocument* pDoc)
{
 ASSERT_VALID(pDoc);

 CDocTemplate::RemoveDocument(pDoc);
 m_docList.RemoveAt(m_docList.Find(pDoc));
}

由于CMultiDocTemplate类可包含多个文档,依靠其成员函数GetFirstDocPosition和GetNextDoc完成对文档链表m_docList的遍历:

POSITION CMultiDocTemplate::GetFirstDocPosition() const
{
 return m_docList.GetHeadPosition();
}
CDocument* CMultiDocTemplate::GetNextDoc(POSITION& rPos) const
{
 return (CDocument*)m_docList.GetNext(rPos);
}

而CSingleDocTemplate的这两个函数实际上并无太大的意义,仅仅是MFC要玩的某种"招数",这个"招数"高明吗?相信看完MFC的相关源代码后你或许不会这么认为,实际上CSingleDocTemplate的GetFirstDocPosition、GetNextDoc函数仅仅只能判断m_pOnlyDoc的是否为NULL:

POSITION CSingleDocTemplate::GetFirstDocPosition() const
{
 return (m_pOnlyDoc == NULL) ? NULL : BEFORE_START_POSITION;
}

CDocument* CSingleDocTemplate::GetNextDoc(POSITION& rPos) const
{
 CDocument* pDoc = NULL;
 if (rPos == BEFORE_START_POSITION)
 {
  // first time through, return a real document
  ASSERT(m_pOnlyDoc != NULL);
  pDoc = m_pOnlyDoc;
 }
 rPos = NULL; // no more
 return pDoc;
}

笔者认为,MFC的设计者们将GetFirstDocPosition、GetNextDoc作为基类CDocTemplate的成员函数是不合理的,一种更好的做法是将GetFirstDocPosition、GetNextDoc移至CMultiDocTemplate派生类。
  CDocTemplate还需完成对其对应文档的关闭与保存操作

BOOL CDocTemplate::SaveAllModified()
{
 POSITION pos = GetFirstDocPosition();
 while (pos != NULL)
 {
  CDocument* pDoc = GetNextDoc(pos);
  if (!pDoc->SaveModified())
   return FALSE;
 }
 return TRUE;
}
void CDocTemplate::CloseAllDocuments(BOOL)
{
 POSITION pos = GetFirstDocPosition();
 while (pos != NULL)
 {
  CDocument* pDoc = GetNextDoc(pos);
  pDoc->OnCloseDocument();
 }
} 

        前文我们提到,由于MFC的设计者将CSingleDocTemplate和CMultiDocTemplate的行为未进行规范的区分,它对仅仅对应一个文档的CSingleDocTemplate也提供了所谓的GetFirstDocPosition、GetNextDoc遍历操作,所以基类CDocTemplate的SaveAllModified和CloseAllDocuments函数(都是遍历)就可统一CSingleDocTemplate和CMultiDocTemplate两个本身并不相同类的SaveAllModified和CloseAllDocuments行为(实际上,对于CSingleDocTemplate而言,SaveAllModified和CloseAllDocuments中的"All"是没有太大意义的。教室里有1个老师和N个同学,老师可以对同学们说"所有同学",而学生对老师说"所有老师"相信会被当成神经病)。MFC的设计者们特意使用了"将错就错"的方法意图简化CSingleDocTemplate和CMultiDocTemplate类的设计,读者朋友可以不认同他们的做法。
  CDocTemplate还提供了框架窗口的创建和初始化函数:

/
// Default frame creation
CFrameWnd* CDocTemplate::CreateNewFrame(CDocument* pDoc, CFrameWnd* pOther)
{
 if (pDoc != NULL)
  ASSERT_VALID(pDoc);
  // create a frame wired to the specified document

 ASSERT(m_nIDResource != 0); // must have a resource ID to load from
 CCreateContext context;
 context.m_pCurrentFrame = pOther;
 context.m_pCurrentDoc = pDoc;
 context.m_pNewViewClass = m_pViewClass;
 context.m_pNewDocTemplate = this;

 if (m_pFrameClass == NULL)
 {
  TRACE0("Error: you must override CDocTemplate::CreateNewFrame./n");
  ASSERT(FALSE);
  return NULL;
 }
 CFrameWnd* pFrame = (CFrameWnd*)m_pFrameClass->CreateObject();
 if (pFrame == NULL)
 {
  TRACE1("Warning: Dynamic create of frame %hs failed./n",m_pFrameClass->m_lpszClassName);
  return NULL;
 }
 ASSERT_KINDOF(CFrameWnd, pFrame);

 if (context.m_pNewViewClass == NULL)
  TRACE0("Warning: creating frame with no default view./n");

 // create new from resource
 if (!pFrame->LoadFrame(m_nIDResource,WS_OVERLAPPEDWINDOW | FWS_ADDTOTITLE, // default frame styles
NULL, &context))
 {
  TRACE0("Warning: CDocTemplate couldn't create a frame./n");
  // frame will be deleted in PostNcDestroy cleanup
  return NULL;
 }

 // it worked !
 return pFrame;
}
void CDocTemplate::InitialUpdateFrame(CFrameWnd* pFrame, CDocument* pDoc,BOOL bMakeVisible)
{
 // just delagate to implementation in CFrameWnd
 pFrame->InitialUpdateFrame(pDoc, bMakeVisible);
} 

3. CWinApp与CDocManager/CDocTemplate类
  应用程序CWinApp类对象与CDocManager和CDocTemplate类的关系是:CWinApp对象中包含一个CDocManager指针类型的共有数据成员m_pDocManager,CWinApp::InitInstance函数调用CWinApp::AddDocTemplate函数向链表m_templateList添加模板指针(实际上是调用前文所述CDocManager的AddDocTemplate函数)。另外,CWinApp也提供了GetFirstDocTemplatePosition和GetNextDocTemplate函数实现来对m_templateList链表进行访问(实际上也是调用了前文所述CDocManager的GetFirstDocTemplatePosition、GetNextDocTemplate函数)。我们仅摘取CWinApp类声明的一小部分:

class CWinApp : public CWinThread
{
 …
 CDocManager* m_pDocManager;

 // Running Operations - to be done on a running application
 // Dealing with document templates
 void AddDocTemplate(CDocTemplate* pTemplate);
 POSITION GetFirstDocTemplatePosition() const;
 CDocTemplate* GetNextDocTemplate(POSITION& pos) const;

 // Dealing with files
 virtual CDocument* OpenDocumentFile(LPCTSTR lpszFileName); // open named file
 void CloseAllDocuments(BOOL bEndSession); // close documents before exiting

 // Command Handlers
protected:
 // map to the following for file new/open
 afx_msg void OnFileNew();
 afx_msg void OnFileOpen();
 int GetOpenDocumentCount();
 …
}; 

来看CWinApp派生类CSDIExampleApp(单文档)、CMDIExampleApp(多文档)的InitInstance成员函数的例子(仅仅摘取与文档模板相关的部分):

BOOL CSDIExampleApp::InitInstance()
{
 …
 CSingleDocTemplate* pDocTemplate;
 pDocTemplate = new CSingleDocTemplate(IDR_MAINFRAME,RUNTIME_CLASS(CSDIExampleDoc),
RUNTIME_CLASS(CMainFrame), // main SDI frame window
RUNTIME_CLASS(CSDIExampleView));
 AddDocTemplate(pDocTemplate);
 …
 return TRUE;
}
BOOL CMDIExampleApp::InitInstance()
{
 …
 CMultiDocTemplate* pDocTemplate;
 pDocTemplate = new CMultiDocTemplate(IDR_MDIEXATYPE,
  RUNTIME_CLASS(CMDIExampleDoc),
  RUNTIME_CLASS(CChildFrame), // custom MDI child frame
  RUNTIME_CLASS(CMDIExampleView));
  AddDocTemplate(pDocTemplate);
 …
}

 

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