struts2源码分析及拦截器实现原理

一：拦截器（interceptor）简介

拦截器（interceptor）是struts2中的最重要的核心之一，是Struts2最强大的特性之一。拦截器可以让你在Action和result被执行之前或之后进行一些处理。同时，拦截器也可以让你将通用的代码模块化并作为可重用的类。Struts2中的很多特性都是由拦截器来完成的。拦截是AOP的一种实现策略。在Webwork的中文文档的解释为：拦截器是动态拦截Action调用的对象。它提供了一种机制可以使开发者可以定义在一个action执行的前后执行的代码，也可以在一个action执行前阻止其执行。同时也是提供了一种可以提取action中可重用的部分的方式。谈到拦截器，还有一个词大家应该知道——拦截器链（Interceptor Chain，在Struts 2中称为拦截器栈Interceptor Stack）。拦截器链就是将拦截器按一定的顺序联结成一条链。在访问被拦截的方法或字段时，拦截器链中的拦截器就会按其之前定义的顺序被调用（这里借鉴引用他人总结）。

二：struts2实现原理（源码剖析）

struts2整个执行过程大致如下图所示：

下图是在debug跟踪的一个执行过程（由下往上执行顺序）：

通过上图可以看出，struts2请求处理的一个过程：

1、客户端发起request请求action请求到达StrutsPrepareAndExecuteFilter的doFilter方法：

/*
 * $Id: DefaultActionSupport.java 651946 2008-04-27 13:41:38Z apetrelli $
 *
 * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
 * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
 * distributed with this work for additional information
 * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
 * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
 * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
 * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
 *
 *  http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
 *
 * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
 * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
 * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
 * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
 * specific language governing permissions and limitations
 * under the License.
 */
package org.apache.struts2.dispatcher.ng.filter;

import org.apache.struts2.StrutsStatics;
import org.apache.struts2.dispatcher.Dispatcher;
import org.apache.struts2.dispatcher.mapper.ActionMapping;
import org.apache.struts2.dispatcher.ng.ExecuteOperations;
import org.apache.struts2.dispatcher.ng.InitOperations;
import org.apache.struts2.dispatcher.ng.PrepareOperations;

import javax.servlet.Filter;
import javax.servlet.FilterChain;
import javax.servlet.FilterConfig;
import javax.servlet.ServletException;
import javax.servlet.ServletRequest;
import javax.servlet.ServletResponse;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.regex.Pattern;

/**
 * Handles both the preparation and execution phases of the Struts dispatching process.  This filter is better to use
 * when you don't have another filter that needs access to action context information, such as Sitemesh.
 */
public class StrutsPrepareAndExecuteFilter implements StrutsStatics, Filter {
    protected PrepareOperations prepare;
    protected ExecuteOperations execute;
    protected List<Pattern> excludedPatterns = null;

    public void init(FilterConfig filterConfig) throws ServletException {
        InitOperations init = new InitOperations();
        Dispatcher dispatcher = null;
        try {
            FilterHostConfig config = new FilterHostConfig(filterConfig);
            init.initLogging(config);
            dispatcher = init.initDispatcher(config);
            init.initStaticContentLoader(config, dispatcher);

            prepare = new PrepareOperations(dispatcher);
            execute = new ExecuteOperations(dispatcher);
            this.excludedPatterns = init.buildExcludedPatternsList(dispatcher);

            postInit(dispatcher, filterConfig);
        } finally {
            if (dispatcher != null) {
                dispatcher.cleanUpAfterInit();
            }
            init.cleanup();
        }
    }

    /**
     * Callback for post initialization
     */
    protected void postInit(Dispatcher dispatcher, FilterConfig filterConfig) {
    }

    public void doFilter(ServletRequest req, ServletResponse res, FilterChain chain) throws IOException, ServletException {

        HttpServletRequest request = (HttpServletRequest) req;
        HttpServletResponse response = (HttpServletResponse) res;

        try {
            if (excludedPatterns != null && prepare.isUrlExcluded(request, excludedPatterns)) {
                chain.doFilter(request, response);
            } else {
                prepare.setEncodingAndLocale(request, response);
                prepare.createActionContext(request, response);
                prepare.assignDispatcherToThread();
                request = prepare.wrapRequest(request);
                ActionMapping mapping = prepare.findActionMapping(request, response, true);
                if (mapping == null) {
                    boolean handled = execute.executeStaticResourceRequest(request, response);
                    if (!handled) {
                        chain.doFilter(request, response);
                    }
                } else {

<span style="white-space:pre">			</span><span style="color:#ff6600;">//这里实际调用了dispatcher.java的serviceAction方法</span>
                    execute.executeAction(request, response, mapping);
                }
            }
        } finally {
            prepare.cleanupRequest(request);
        }
    }

    public void destroy() {
        prepare.cleanupDispatcher();
    }

}

2、通过execute.executeAction(request, response, mapping); 调用Dispatcher.java的serviceAction方法：

<pre name="code" class="java"> public void serviceAction(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response, ActionMapping mapping)
            throws ServletException {

        Map<String, Object> extraContext = createContextMap(request, response, mapping);

        // If there was a previous value stack, then create a new copy and pass it in to be used by the new Action
        ValueStack stack = (ValueStack) request.getAttribute(ServletActionContext.STRUTS_VALUESTACK_KEY);
        boolean nullStack = stack == null;
        if (nullStack) {
            ActionContext ctx = ActionContext.getContext();
            if (ctx != null) {
                stack = ctx.getValueStack();
            }
        }
        if (stack != null) {
            extraContext.put(ActionContext.VALUE_STACK, valueStackFactory.createValueStack(stack));
        }

        String timerKey = "Handling request from Dispatcher";
        try {
            UtilTimerStack.push(timerKey);
            String namespace = mapping.getNamespace();
            String name = mapping.getName();
            String method = mapping.getMethod();
	<span style="white-space:pre">	</span><span style="color:#ff6600;">//通过动态代理，创建出一个ActionProxy对象</span>
            ActionProxy proxy = getContainer().getInstance(ActionProxyFactory.class).createActionProxy(
                    namespace, name, method, extraContext, true, false);

            request.setAttribute(ServletActionContext.STRUTS_VALUESTACK_KEY, proxy.getInvocation().getStack());

            // if the ActionMapping says to go straight to a result, do it!
            if (mapping.getResult() != null) {
                Result result = mapping.getResult();
                result.execute(proxy.getInvocation());
            } else {
           <span style="color:#ff6600;"> //调用execute方法</span>
                proxy.execute();
            }

            // If there was a previous value stack then set it back onto the request
            if (!nullStack) {
                request.setAttribute(ServletActionContext.STRUTS_VALUESTACK_KEY, stack);
            }
        } catch (ConfigurationException e) {
            logConfigurationException(request, e);
            sendError(request, response, HttpServletResponse.SC_NOT_FOUND, e);
        } catch (Exception e) {
            if (handleException || devMode) {
                sendError(request, response, HttpServletResponse.SC_INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR, e);
            } else {
                throw new ServletException(e);
            }
        } finally {
            UtilTimerStack.pop(timerKey);
        }
    }

3、通过动态代理，创建一个ActionProxy的对象，然后调用ActionProxy对象的execute方法：

<pre name="code" class="java" style="line-height: 26px;">ActionProxy对象是创建action的关键对象

<pre name="code" class="java">public String execute() throws Exception {
        ActionContext nestedContext = ActionContext.getContext();

        ActionContext.setContext(invocation.getInvocationContext());

        String retCode = null;

        String profileKey = "execute: ";
        try {
            UtilTimerStack.push(profileKey);
<span style="white-space:pre">		</span><span style="color:#ff6600;">//调用了ActionInvocation的invoke方法</span>
            retCode = invocation.invoke();
        } finally {
            if (cleanupContext) {
                ActionContext.setContext(nestedContext);
            }
            UtilTimerStack.pop(profileKey);
        }

        return retCode;
    }

4、通过ActionProxy的execute方法调用了ActionInvocation的invoke方法，这是实现拦截器的核心，ActionInvocation是Action调度者：

<pre name="code" class="java"> public String invoke() throws Exception {
        String profileKey = "invoke: ";
        try {
            UtilTimerStack.push(profileKey);

            if (executed) {
                throw new IllegalStateException("Action has already executed");
            }

            if (interceptors.hasNext()) {
                final InterceptorMapping interceptor = interceptors.next();
                String interceptorMsg = "interceptor: " + interceptor.getName();
                UtilTimerStack.push(interceptorMsg);
                try {

<span style="white-space:pre">				</span>//调用interceptor的intercept方法
                                resultCode = interceptor.getInterceptor().intercept(DefaultActionInvocation.this);
                            }
                finally {
                    UtilTimerStack.pop(interceptorMsg);
                }
            } else {

<span style="white-space:pre">		</span>//执行完默认的intercept方法后调用我们的action
                resultCode = invokeActionOnly();
            }

拦截器部分的执行调用：resultCode = interceptor.getInterceptor().intercept(DefaultActionInvocation.this);

在这个实现类中，实际上已经实现了最简单的拦截器的雏形。这里需要指出的是一个很重要的方法invocation.invoke()。这是ActionInvocation中的方法，而ActionInvocation是Action调度者，所以这个方法具备以下2层含义：

1. 如果拦截器堆栈中还有其他的Interceptor，那么invocation.invoke()将调用堆栈中下一个Interceptor的执行。
2. 如果拦截器堆栈中只有Action了，那么invocation.invoke()将调用Action执行。

    所以，我们可以发现，invocation.invoke()这个方法其实是整个拦截器框架的实现核心。基于这样的实现机制，我们还可以得到下面2个非常重要的推论：
1. 如果在拦截器中，我们不使用invocation.invoke()来完成堆栈中下一个元素的调用，而是直接返回一个字符串作为执行结果，那么整个执行将被中止。
2. 我们可以以invocation.invoke()为界，将拦截器中的代码分成2个部分，在invocation.invoke()之前的代码，将会在Action之前被依次执行，而在invocation.invoke()之后的代码，将会在Action之后被逆序执行。
由此，我们就可以通过invocation.invoke()作为Action代码真正的拦截点，从而实现AOP。

5、通过遍历/struts-default.xml中一系列的intercept参数，调用interceptor的intercept方法：

<pre name="code" class="java"> public String intercept(ActionInvocation invocation) throws Exception {
        String result;

        try {

<span style="white-space:pre">	</span><span style="color:#ff6600;">//这里又调用ActionInvocation的invoke方法</span>
            result = invocation.invoke();
        } catch (Exception e) {
            if (isLogEnabled()) {
                handleLogging(e);
            }
            List<ExceptionMappingConfig> exceptionMappings = invocation.getProxy().getConfig().getExceptionMappings();
            ExceptionMappingConfig mappingConfig = this.findMappingFromExceptions(exceptionMappings, e);
            if (mappingConfig != null && mappingConfig.getResult()!=null) {
                Map parameterMap = mappingConfig.getParams();
                // create a mutable HashMap since some interceptors will remove parameters, and parameterMap is immutable
                invocation.getInvocationContext().setParameters(new HashMap<String, Object>(parameterMap));
                result = mappingConfig.getResult();
                publishException(invocation, new ExceptionHolder(e));
            } else {
                throw e;
            }
        }

        return result;
    }

原来在intercept()方法又对ActionInvocation的invoke()方法进行递归调用，ActionInvocation循环嵌套在intercept()中，一直到语句result = invocation.invoke()执行结束。这样，Interceptor又会按照刚开始执行的逆向顺序依次执行结束。一个有序链表，通过递归调用，变成了一个堆栈执行过程，将一段有序执行的代码变成了2段执行顺序完全相反的代码过程，从而巧妙地实现了AOP。这也就成为了Struts2的Action层的AOP基础。