linux临时提升管理员权限（sudo方法）

linux临时提升管理员权限（sudo方法）

sudo命令用来以其他身份来执行命令，预设的身份为root。在/etc/sudoers中设置了可执行sudo指令的用户。若其未经授权的用户企图使用sudo，则会发出警告的邮件给管理员。用户使用sudo时，必须先输入密码，之后有5分钟的有效期限，超过期限则必须重新输入密码。 

语法
        sudo(选项)(参数)
        例如：sudo passwd root   #修改root密码
检查是否安装：rpm -q sudo

赋予普通用户root权限：
        修改 /etc/sudoers 文件，找到下面一行，
        ## Allows people in group wheel to run all commands
        root ALL=(ALL) ALL
        然后添加一行，获取root权限
　　qie  ALL=(ALL)  ALL   （qie是我的用户名）
        修改完毕，现在可以用qie帐号登录，然后用命令 sudo(选项)(参数) ，即可获得临时root权限进行操作。

ps:这里说下你可以sudoers添加下面四行中任意一条
    qie            ALL=(ALL)                ALL
    %qie           ALL=(ALL)                ALL
    qie            ALL=(ALL)                NOPASSWD: ALL
    %qie           ALL=(ALL)                NOPASSWD: ALL

第一行:允许用户qie执行sudo命令(需要输入密码).
第二行:允许用户组qie里面的用户执行sudo命令(需要输入密码).
第三行:允许用户qie执行sudo命令,并且在执行的时候不输入密码.
第四行:允许用户组qie里面的用户执行sudo命令,并且在执行的时候不输入密码.

研究历程：
没有在sudoers文件写出要求，下一步在sudoers文件里修改

提示普通用户无权限修改

root账号登录后进入修改

保存下方提示是只读文件，:wq! 强制保存退出即可

最后sudo获取临时权限修改root密码

四：日志信息 
有一个记录档 , 在 /var/log/sudo.log , 里面记录著谁在什么时候利用 sudo 下了那些指令 ！

Linux sudo命令以系统管理者的身份执行指令，也就是说，经由 sudo 所执行的指令就好像是 root 亲自执行。

使用权限：在 /etc/sudoers 中有出现的使用者。

语法
sudo -V
sudo -h
sudo -l
sudo -v
sudo -k
sudo -s
sudo -H
sudo [ -b ] [ -p prompt ] [ -u username/#uid] -s
sudo command
参数说明：

-V 显示版本编号
-h 会显示版本编号及指令的使用方式说明
-l 显示出自己（执行 sudo 的使用者）的权限
-v 因为 sudo 在第一次执行时或是在 N 分钟内没有执行（N 预设为五）会问密码，这个参数是重新做一次确认，如果超过 N 分钟，也会问密码
-k 将会强迫使用者在下一次执行 sudo 时问密码（不论有没有超过 N 分钟）
-b 将要执行的指令放在背景执行
-p prompt 可以更改问密码的提示语，其中 %u 会代换为使用者的帐号名称， %h 会显示主机名称
-u username/#uid 不加此参数，代表要以 root 的身份执行指令，而加了此参数，可以以 username 的身份执行指令（#uid 为该 username 的使用者号码）
-s 执行环境变数中的 SHELL 所指定的 shell ，或是 /etc/passwd 里所指定的 shell
-H 将环境变数中的 HOME （家目录）指定为要变更身份的使用者家目录（如不加 -u 参数就是系统管理者 root ）
command 要以系统管理者身份（或以 -u 更改为其他人）执行的指令
实例
sudo命令使用

$ sudo ls
[sudo] password for hnlinux:
hnlinux is not in the sudoers file. This incident will be reported.
指定用户执行命令

sudo -u userb ls -l

显示sudo设置

$ sudo -L //显示sudo设置
Available options in a sudoers ``Defaults'' line:

syslog: Syslog facility if syslog is being used for logging
syslog_goodpri: Syslog priority to use when user authenticates successfully
syslog_badpri: Syslog priority to use when user authenticates unsuccessfully
long_otp_prompt: Put OTP prompt on its own line
ignore_dot: Ignore '.' in $PATH
mail_always: Always send mail when sudo is run
mail_badpass: Send mail if user authentication fails
mail_no_user: Send mail if the user is not in sudoers
mail_no_host: Send mail if the user is not in sudoers for this host
mail_no_perms: Send mail if the user is not allowed to run a command
tty_tickets: Use a separate timestamp for each user/tty combo
lecture: Lecture user the first time they run sudo
lecture_file: File containing the sudo lecture
authenticate: Require users to authenticate by default
root_sudo: Root may run sudo
log_host: Log the hostname in the (non-syslog) log file
log_year: Log the year in the (non-syslog) log file
shell_noargs: If sudo is invoked with no arguments, start a shell
set_home: Set $HOME to the target user when starting a shell with -s
always_set_home: Always set $HOME to the target user's home directory
path_info: Allow some information gathering to give useful error messages
fqdn: Require fully-qualified hostnames in the sudoers file
insults: Insult the user when they enter an incorrect password
requiretty: Only allow the user to run sudo if they have a tty
env_editor: Visudo will honor the EDITOR environment variable
rootpw: Prompt for root's password, not the users's
runaspw: Prompt for the runas_default user's password, not the users's
targetpw: Prompt for the target user's password, not the users's
use_loginclass: Apply defaults in the target user's login class if there is one
set_logname: Set the LOGNAME and USER environment variables
stay_setuid: Only set the effective uid to the target user, not the real uid
preserve_groups: Don't initialize the group vector to that of the target user
loglinelen: Length at which to wrap log file lines (0 for no wrap)
timestamp_timeout: Authentication timestamp timeout
passwd_timeout: Password prompt timeout
passwd_tries: Number of tries to enter a password
umask: Umask to use or 0777 to use user's
logfile: Path to log file
mailerpath: Path to mail program
mailerflags: Flags for mail program
mailto: Address to send mail to
mailfrom: Address to send mail from
mailsub: Subject line for mail messages
badpass_message: Incorrect password message
timestampdir: Path to authentication timestamp dir
timestampowner: Owner of the authentication timestamp dir
exempt_group: Users in this group are exempt from password and PATH requirements
passprompt: Default password prompt
passprompt_override: If set, passprompt will override system prompt in all cases.
runas_default: Default user to run commands as
secure_path: Value to override user's $PATH with
editor: Path to the editor for use by visudo
listpw: When to require a password for 'list' pseudocommand
verifypw: When to require a password for 'verify' pseudocommand
noexec: Preload the dummy exec functions contained in 'noexec_file'
noexec_file: File containing dummy exec functions
ignore_local_sudoers: If LDAP directory is up, do we ignore local sudoers file
closefrom: File descriptors >= %d will be closed before executing a command
closefrom_override: If set, users may override the value of `closefrom' with the -C option
setenv: Allow users to set arbitrary environment variables
env_reset: Reset the environment to a default set of variables
env_check: Environment variables to check for sanity
env_delete: Environment variables to remove
env_keep: Environment variables to preserve
role: SELinux role to use in the new security context
type: SELinux type to use in the new security context
askpass: Path to the askpass helper program
env_file: Path to the sudo-specific environment file
sudoers_locale: Locale to use while parsing sudoers
visiblepw: Allow sudo to prompt for a password even if it would be visisble
pwfeedback: Provide visual feedback at the password prompt when there is user input
fast_glob: Use faster globbing that is less accurate but does not access the filesystem
umask_override: The umask specified in sudoers will override the user's, even if it is more permissive
以root权限执行上一条命令

$ sudo !!
以特定用户身份进行编辑文本

$ sudo -u uggc vi ~www/index.html
//以 uggc 用户身份编辑 home 目录下www目录中的 index.html 文件
列出目前的权限

sudo -l
列出 sudo 的版本资讯

sudo -V