Java面试题：通过实例说明工厂模式和抽象工厂模式的用法，以及它们在解耦中的作用

本文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/bifengmiaozhuan/article/details/139892573

工厂模式和抽象工厂模式是创建型设计模式中的两种，主要用于对象的创建，并且通过将对象的创建过程封装起来，来实现代码的解耦和灵活性。下面通过具体实例来说明这两种模式的用法及其在解耦中的作用。

工厂模式（Factory Method Pattern）

工厂模式通过定义一个创建对象的接口，让子类决定实例化哪一个类。工厂方法使一个类的实例化延迟到其子类。

实例说明

假设我们有一个交通工具接口 Vehicle 以及具体实现类 Car 和 Bike。我们通过工厂模式来创建这些交通工具对象。

接口和实现类

// Vehicle.java
public interface Vehicle {
    void drive();
}

// Car.java
public class Car implements Vehicle {
    @Override
    public void drive() {
        System.out.println("Driving a car.");
    }
}

// Bike.java
public class Bike implements Vehicle {
    @Override
    public void drive() {
        System.out.println("Riding a bike.");
    }

工厂类

// VehicleFactory.java
public abstract class VehicleFactory {
    public abstract Vehicle createVehicle();
}

// CarFactory.java
public class CarFactory extends VehicleFactory {
    @Override
    public Vehicle createVehicle() {
        return new Car();
    }
}

// BikeFactory.java
public class BikeFactory extends VehicleFactory {
    @Override
    public Vehicle createVehicle() {
        return new Bike();
    }

使用工厂模式

public class Main {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        VehicleFactory carFactory = new CarFactory();
        Vehicle car = carFactory.createVehicle();
        car.drive(); // 输出: Driving a car.

        VehicleFactory bikeFactory = new BikeFactory();
        Vehicle bike = bikeFactory.createVehicle();
        bike.drive(); // 输出: Riding a bike.
    }
}

解耦作用

通过工厂模式，Main 类不需要知道具体的交通工具类，只需要知道工厂类和接口 Vehicle。这使得代码更加灵活，增加了新类型的交通工具时不需要修改现有代码。

抽象工厂模式（Abstract Factory Pattern）

抽象工厂模式提供一个创建一系列相关或相互依赖对象的接口，而无需指定它们具体的类。

实例说明

假设我们有一个家具工厂，可以创建椅子和沙发。我们通过抽象工厂模式来实现。

接口和实现类

// Chair.java
public interface Chair {
    void sitOn();
}

// Sofa.java
public interface Sofa {
    void lieOn();
}

// VictorianChair.java
public class VictorianChair implements Chair {
    @Override
    public void sitOn() {
        System.out.println("Sitting on a Victorian chair.");
    }
}

// ModernChair.java
public class ModernChair implements Chair {
    @Override
    public void sitOn() {
        System.out.println("Sitting on a modern chair.");
    }
}

// VictorianSofa.java
public class VictorianSofa implements Sofa {
    @Override
    public void lieOn() {
        System.out.println("Lying on a Victorian sofa.");
    }
}

// ModernSofa.java
public class ModernSofa implements Sofa {
    @Override
    public void lieOn() {
        System.out.println("Lying on a modern sofa.");
    }

抽象工厂类和具体工厂类

// FurnitureFactory.java
public interface FurnitureFactory {
    Chair createChair();
    Sofa createSofa();
}

// VictorianFurnitureFactory.java
public class VictorianFurnitureFactory implements FurnitureFactory {
    @Override
    public Chair createChair() {
        return new VictorianChair();
    }

    @Override
    public Sofa createSofa() {
        return new VictorianSofa();
    }
}

// ModernFurnitureFactory.java
public class ModernFurnitureFactory implements FurnitureFactory {
    @Override
    public Chair createChair() {
        return new ModernChair();
    }

    @Override
    public Sofa createSofa() {
        return new ModernSofa();
    }
}

使用抽象工厂模式

public class Main {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        FurnitureFactory victorianFactory = new VictorianFurnitureFactory();
        Chair victorianChair = victorianFactory.createChair();
        Sofa victorianSofa = victorianFactory.createSofa();
        victorianChair.sitOn(); // 输出: Sitting on a Victorian chair.
        victorianSofa.lieOn();  // 输出: Lying on a Victorian sofa.

        FurnitureFactory modernFactory = new ModernFurnitureFactory();
        Chair modernChair = modernFactory.createChair();
        Sofa modernSofa = modernFactory.createSofa();
        modernChair.sitOn(); // 输出: Sitting on a modern chair.
        modernSofa.lieOn();  // 输出: Lying on a modern sofa.
    }
}