仿函数

1.仿函数简介

顾名思义，就是类似函数，实际上是个类，那为何叫仿函数，因为它用起来形式像个函数一样，实际上是由于重载了operator()，所以仿函数也叫做函数对象；

最基本的函数对象包括:

1.1 generator

    A Generator is a kind of function object: an object that is called as if it were an ordinary C++ function. A Generator is called with no arguments.

1.2 unary function

    A Unary Function is a kind of function object: an object that is called as if it were an ordinary C++ function. A Unary Function is called with a single argument.

template <class Arg, class Result>
  struct unary_function {
    typedef Arg argument_type;
    typedef Result result_type;
  };

Note: This class has been deprecated in C++11. 

比如less的实现，在C++98是

template <class T> struct less : binary_function <T,T,bool> {
  bool operator() (const T& x, const T& y) const {return x<y;}
};

在C++11是

template <class T> struct less {
  bool operator() (const T& x, const T& y) const {return x<y;}
  typedef T first_argument_type;
  typedef T second_argument_type;
  typedef bool result_type;
};

1.3 binary function

    A Binary Function is a kind of function object: an object that is called as if it were an ordinary C++ function. A Binary Function is called with two arguments.

template <class Arg1, class Arg2, class Result>
  struct binary_function {
    typedef Arg1 first_argument_type;
    typedef Arg2 second_argument_type;
    typedef Result result_type;
  };

Note: This class has been deprecated in C++11.

2. 常见的预定义仿函数：

2.1算术类

除了否定为一元，其他都为二元仿函数。

加法：plus<T>
减法：minus<T>
乘法：multiplies<T>
除法：divides<T>
求余：modulus<T>
否定：negate<T>

2.2关系运算类

  都是二元仿函数。

等于：equal_to<T>

不等于：not_equal_to<T>

大于：greater<T>

大于等于：greater_equal<T>

小于：less<T>

小于等于：less_equal<T>

2.3逻辑运算类

与和或为二元仿函数，否为一元仿函数。

与：logical_and<T>

或：logical_or<T>

否：logical_not<T>

3.仿函数配接器

常用的两个，bind1st,bind2nd

3.1.1 bind1st

bind1st是一个函数模板，两个参数中op是继承自binary_function的类，另一个参数是用于绑定到op的第一个参数；

该函数的返回值是一个仿函数，继承自unary_function，所以bind1st的作用是把一个二元函数转换为一元仿函数；

template <class Operation, class T>

  binder1st<Operation> bind1st (const Operation& op, const T& x);

Return function object with first parameter bound

This function constructs an unary function object from the binary function object  op by binding its first parameter to the fixed value  x.

The function object returned by  bind1st has its  operator() defined such that it takes only one argument. This argument is used to call binary function object  op with  x as the fixed value for the first argument.

It is defined with the same behavior as:

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template <class Operation, class T> binder1st<Operation> bind1st (const Operation& op, const T& x) { return binder1st<Operation>(op, typename Operation::first_argument_type(x)); }

Parameters

op

Binary function object derived from binary_function.

x

Fixed value for the first parameter of op.

Return value

An unary function object equivalent to op but with the first parameter always set to x.
binder1st is a type derived from unary_function.

3.1.2  binder1st

template <class Operation> class binder1st;

Generate function object class with 1st parameter bound

Generates an unary function object class from the binary object class  Operation  by binding its first parameter to a fixed value.

binder1st  is generally used as a type. The function  bind1st  (also defined in header  <functional> ) can be used to directly construct an object of this type.

binder1st  is constructed using a  binary function object  as argument. A copy of this object is used by its member operator()  to generate a result from its parameter and the fixed value set on construction.

This class is derived from  unary_function  and is typically defined as:

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template <class Operation> class binder1st : public unary_function <typename Operation::second_argument_type, typename Operation::result_type> { protected: Operation op; typename Operation::first_argument_type value; public: binder1st ( const Operation& x, const typename Operation::first_argument_type& y) : op (x), value(y) {} typename Operation::result_type operator() (const typename Operation::second_argument_type& x) const { return op(value,x); } };

binder1st  class is specifically designed to bind function objects ( operations ) derived from  binary_function  (it requires member  first_argument_type  and  second_argument_type ).

3.2.1 bind2nd

和bind1st类似，只是绑定的是第二个参数；