PDC Prompt at Boot...................................................................................................................................... 2
ISL Prompt at Boot........................................................................................................................................ 2
Show autofile Contents at HP-UX Prompt........................................................................................ 2
Modifying autofile Contents at HP-UX Prompt.............................................................................. 2
Checking Boot Disk Information............................................................................................................. 2
Executing Scripts at Server Boot........................................................................................................... 2
Kernel..................................................................................................................................................................... 2
Generating a New Kernel........................................................................................................................... 2
Listing Kernel parameters......................................................................................................................... 2
Dynamic Loadable Kernel Modules (HP-UX 11.x).............................................................................. 2
System.................................................................................................................................................................... 2
Running State.................................................................................................................................................. 2
Documentation............................................................................................................................................... 2
Checking Server Information.................................................................................................................... 2
Location of syslog.log and rc.log.......................................................................................................... 2
Scanning Hardware....................................................................................................................................... 2
Device Files........................................................................................................................................................ 2
Swap Space......................................................................................................................................................... 2
Displaying Swap Configuration.................................................................................................................. 2
Extending Primary Swap............................................................................................................................... 2
Configuring Secondary Swap (Device Swap)........................................................................................... 2
Configuring Secondary Swap (File System Swap).................................................................................. 2
Core Dump........................................................................................................................................................... 2
Displaying Dump Area Configuration........................................................................................................ 2
Configuring Kernel Dump Devices.............................................................................................................. 2
Configuring Runtime Dump Devices (HP-UX 11.0 only)........................................................................ 2
Core Dump Actions......................................................................................................................................... 2
Scheduling Jobs (crontab)........................................................................................................................... 2
Diagnostic User Interface.......................................................................................................................... 2
Adding a User.................................................................................................................................................... 2
HP Products....................................................................................................................................................... 2
Software Distributor.................................................................................................................................. 2
Log File Location........................................................................................................................................... 2
Common Commands....................................................................................................................................... 2
Managing Products........................................................................................................................................ 2
Cleaning Up Patches...................................................................................................................................... 2
Glance.................................................................................................................................................................. 2
Perfview.............................................................................................................................................................. 2
Omniback............................................................................................................................................................. 2
MeasureWare................................................................................................................................................... 2
RAID Manager (for Business Copy or Continuous Access for XP256)......................................... 2
Command Line................................................................................................................................................. 2
Disk, LVM & File System Management................................................................................................. 2
Managing EMC² Disks...................................................................................................................................... 2
Starting Open Symmetrix Manager............................................................................................................. 2
Checking EMC Disks Configuration (inq)................................................................................................ 2
Scanning LVM Disks......................................................................................................................................... 2
Full Process for Creating a File System.............................................................................................. 2
Creating a File System on a Specific Disk............................................................................................ 2
Mirroring a Logical Volume onto a Particular Physical Volume.......................................... 2
Expanding Online a VxFS File System (with OnlineJFS)................................................................ 2
Expanding a File System (without OnlineJFS)................................................................................... 2
Checking Disk & LVM Information........................................................................................................... 2
Checking a File System Block Size.......................................................................................................... 2
Checking Active Processes on a File System....................................................................................... 2
Specificities of VxFS File Systems............................................................................................................ 2
Special Mount Options.................................................................................................................................. 2
VxFS - Specific Commands............................................................................................................................ 2
OnlineJFS Features (fsadm)......................................................................................................................... 2
Running fsck on the root File System................................................................................................... 2
Repairing a Corrupt HFS File System..................................................................................................... 2
Repairing a Corrupt Journaled File System (VxFS)......................................................................... 2
Checking Read & Write Cache Hit Ratios Buffer Cache............................................................... 2
File management.............................................................................................................................................. 2
Command Options (ls, cp, rm, chmod)...................................................................................................... 2
File Rights.......................................................................................................................................................... 2
Information on a Binary File.................................................................................................................... 2
Information on a File................................................................................................................................... 2
Find Files........................................................................................................................................................... 2
Executing a command on the found files.................................................................................................... 2
Removing Files Older than 1 Day in Current Directory......................................................................... 2
Finding Files Bigger Than 1KB................................................................................................................... 2
Printing................................................................................................................................................................. 2
Status of all printers.................................................................................................................................. 2
lp options........................................................................................................................................................... 2
Enabling / Disabling Printers..................................................................................................................... 2
Cancel Printing............................................................................................................................................... 2
Administrator Commands........................................................................................................................... 2
Adding a Local Printer................................................................................................................................ 2
Removing a Printer......................................................................................................................................... 2
Network Management................................................................................................................................. 2
Checking Configuration.............................................................................................................................. 2
Configurations Files...................................................................................................................................... 2
/etc/hosts........................................................................................................................................................... 2
/etc/resolv.conf................................................................................................................................................ 2
/etc/nsswitch.conf............................................................................................................................................ 2
Other Files........................................................................................................................................................ 2
Changing Configuration.............................................................................................................................. 2
Utilities................................................................................................................................................................. 2
Tar Copy & Tar Gzip....................................................................................................................................... 2
Remotely........................................................................................................................................................... 2
X-Windows Environment............................................................................................................................. 2
Printing an X-window.................................................................................................................................... 2
Getting an hpterm Window with a Scrollbar............................................................................................. 2
Resizing a Window.......................................................................................................................................... 2
Accessing Command History....................................................................................................................... 2
Setting different command histories for one user...................................................................................... 2
String Substitution Under “vi”................................................................................................................ 2
Communicating with Connected Users................................................................................................. 2
Date & Time....................................................................................................................................................... 2
Execution time of a command....................................................................................................................... 2
Reformated “bdf”........................................................................................................................................... 2
Logging Actions............................................................................................................................................... 2
Scripting.............................................................................................................................................................. 2
Version Control with RCS.......................................................................................................................... 2
Storing Script Name in a Variable.......................................................................................................... 2
Syntax for Tests............................................................................................................................................. 2
Testing if a Variable is not Null............................................................................................................. 2
Converting String to Lowercase............................................................................................................. 2
Substituting a String in a File................................................................................................................. 2
Using an Array of Values............................................................................................................................ 2
Incrementing an Integer............................................................................................................................. 2
Debugging............................................................................................................................................................ 2
PDC Prompt at Boot
autoboot on|off # Activate or deactivate autoboot
auto boot on|off # Idem for V-class servers
autosearch on|off # Activate or deactivate autosearch
auto search on|off # Idem for V-class servers
path # Display hardware path of current boot device
path pri hardware_address # Set the primary boot path
path alt hardware_address # Set the alternate boot path
bo # Continue the boot process
ISL Prompt at Boot
ISL> help # Display available commands
ISL> hpux lsautofl # Display the contents of the autofile
ISL> hpux show autofile # Display the boot string of the autofile
ISL> sea # Search bootable and disk devices
ISL> hpux (52.6.0;0)/stand/vmunix # Normal boot at ISL prompt
ISL> hpux (52.6.0;0)/stand/vmunix.prev # Boot on backup kernel
ISL> hpux –is # Boot in single user mode
ISL> hpux –lq # Boot without root VG meeting quorum
Show autofile Contents at HP-UX Prompt
/usr/bin/lifcp /dev/rdsk/c0t0d0:AUTO /tmp/file_name # where c0t0d0 is the boot disk device file
cat /tmp/file_name
Modifying autofile Contents at HP-UX Prompt
mkboot -a “hpux (56/52.5.0;0) /stand/vmunix” /dev/rdsk/c0t0d0
Checking Boot Disk Information
lvlnboot –v # Show boot disk and boot, root, swap & dump configuration
Executing Scripts at Server Boot
You can use /sbin/init.d/template as a template for startup scripts.
Scripts are located in /sbin/init.d
Configuration files are located in /etc/rc.config.d
Symbolic links called S900script_name and K100script_name are located in /etc/rcN.d et /etc/rcN-1.d
Generating a New Kernel
Remark: it is recommended to use SAM…
cd /stand/build
/usr/lbin/sysadm/system_prep -s system # If necessary, extract a new system file from the current kernel
Make desired changes with one of the following actions:
ü vi system
ü kmtune [[-s param{=|+}value]…] [[-r param]…] -S system
# HP-UX 11.0 Modify tunable parameters (-r: reset to default)
/usr/sbin/mk_kernel -s system # Create the new kernel from the modified system file
mv ../vmunix ../vmunix.prev # Rename the current kernel, in case it is needed for recovery
mv ../system ../system.prev # Rename the old system file, in case it is needed
mv ../dlkm ../dlkm.vmunix.prev # HP-UX 11.0 only (Dynamically Loadable Kernel Modules)
Move the new kernel in place, to be used after reboot:
ü mv vmunix_test ../vmunix # HP-UX 10.20
ü kmupdate /stand/build/vmunix_test # HP-UX 11.0
mv system .. # Move the new system file, to be used after reboot
shutdown -r 0 # Reboot the system
Listing Kernel parameters
sysdef
kmtune –l # HP-UX 11.0
-q parameter_name1…: specify parameters
-S system_file: specify system file
Dynamic Loadable Kernel Modules (HP-UX 11.x)
kmadmin –Q # Status of all DLKM
kmadmin –L module_name # Load a DLKM
kmadmin –U module_name # Unload a DLKM
Running State
who –r # Display current running state
who –b # Date of last reboot
init –s # Bring the system to single user mode
init 4 # Bring system to run level 4
Documentation
Generic documentation on the system is located in /usr/share/doc
catman –w & # Prepare “man” to search by keywords
man –k keyword # Search in manual by keyword
Checking Server Information
more /etc/PSS/hpux_config.HOSTNAME
uname –a # Information on the server, OS, licence
hostname # Hostname
model # Server model reference
Location of syslog.log and rc.log
/var/adm/syslog/syslog.log
/etc/rc.log
Scanning Hardware
ioscan –nf
-k: do not scan hardware again (read kernel)
-C disk|printer|tape|bus_adapter|processor…: specify type
Device Files
insf –e # Recreate device files for all existing devices on system (overwrite customized device files!)
lssf device_file_name # List the characteristics of the specified device file
Swap Space
Primary swap is configured into the kernel is activated at boot. Secondary swap devices not in the kernel are activated by swapon command (often by /sbin/init.d/swap_start). File system paging is also activated by swapon.
To deactivate pseudo-swap (memory paging), put kernel parameter swapmem_on to 0. The maximum number of swap devices appears in nswapdev kernel parameter. The maximum total size of swap space is controled mainly by maxswapchunks kernel parameter.
Secondary swap logical volumes, for device swap, must be located on different physical volumes. Swap logical volumes must use contiguous extent allocation and no bad block relocation. It is better to have several swap logical volumes with a similar size than a big one with the same amount.
Displaying Swap Configuration
swapinfo –ta # Display total amount of swap used
-m: display value in Mb (KB) instead of Kb
Extending Primary Swap
lvcreate –n lvol_name –L size_in_MB –C y –r n /dev/vg00 # Create a new logical volume in vg00
lvlnboot -s /dev/vg00/lvol_name # Update BDRA for swap
lvlnboot -R /dev/vg00 # Relink BDRA
Check /stand/system, modify it and regenerate kernel if necessary
shutdown –r 0 # Reboot
Configuring Secondary Swap (Device Swap)
lvcreate –n lvol_name –L size_in_MB –C y –r n /dev/vg_name # Create the logical volume
Add the following line in /etc/fstab:
/dev/vg_name/lvol_name / swap defaults 0 0
swapon –a # Enable all swap devices in /etc/fstab
Some other possibilities are:
swapon -p 0 /dev/dsk/c0t0d0 # Activate swap on a device with high priority (p is in [0-10])
swapon -f /dev/dsk/c12t0d0 # Force paging on a device, even if there is a file system (destructive…)
Configuring Secondary Swap (File System Swap)
swapon [-m mini] [-l limit] [-r reserve] [-p priority] directory # Enable file system paging (sizes are expressed in file system blocks)
To permanently configure a swap file system, add the following line in /etc/fstab:
device directory swapfs min=A, lim=B, res=C, pri=P 0 0
default /swap swapfs min=10,lim=4500,res=100,pri=0 0 0 # Example
Core Dump
After a panic, HPMC (High Priority Machine Check) or transfer of control, memory is writen to the dump device(s), the server reboots and savecore (10.20 ) or savecrash (11.0) is run by /sbin/rc1.d/sxxx to write the contents of the dump to the file system (default is /var/adm/crash).
Configuration file for savecrash or savecore is located in /etc/rc.config.d directory.
The size of the file system must be at least “Total Amount of RAM” + “Kernel Size”.
By default primary swap is used as a dump device. Dump devices must be in the root volume group (kernel dump devices) except for runtime dump devices (HP-UX 11.0 only) that can be either entire physical volumes or logical volumes on different physical volumes. Dump logical volumes must use contiguous extent allocation and no bad block relocation.
Size of kernel dump logical volumes (configured with lvlnboot -d) must not exceed 2GB and they must be on the first 2GB of the physical volume.
Displaying Dump Area Configuration
lvlnboot –v # HP-UX 10.20
crashconf –v # HP-UX 11.0
Configuring Kernel Dump Devices
lvcreate –n lvol_name –L size_in_MB –C y –r n /dev/vg00 # Create the logical volume in vg00
lvlnboot -d /dev/vg00/lvol_name # Update BDRA for dump (do this for all dump logical volumes)
lvlnboot -R /dev/vg00 # Relink BDRA
Check that a line “dump lvol” is in /stand/system. If not, add it, and regenerate the kernel.
Shutdown –r 0 # Reboot
Configuring Runtime Dump Devices (HP-UX 11.0 only)
lvcreate –n lvol_name –L size_in_MB –C y –r n /dev/vg00 # Create the logical volume (if not using a whole physical volume)
To permanently configure a runtime dump device, add one of the following lines in /etc/fstab:
/dev/dsk/c0t0d0 / dump defaults 0 0
/dev/vg_name/lvol_name / dump defaults 0 0
Do one of the following:
ü crashconf /dev/vg_name/lvol_name # Activate a dump lvol
ü crashconf /dev/dsk/c0t0d0 # Activate a dump physical volume
ü crashconf –a # Read /etc/fstab to update the list of active (runtime) dump devices
ü crashconf –ar # Read /etc/fstab to replace the list of active (runtime) dump devices
Core Dump Actions
To manually initiate a core dump when the system hangs at boot:
ü [CTRL-b]
ü CM> tc # Transfer of control
savecrash # (11.0) Write core dump to file system
To deactivate savecrash during the boot process:
ü vi /sbin/rc.config.d/savecrash # (11.0) Set SAVECRASH=0
savecore -t /dev/rmt/0m /tmp & # (10.20) Write core from dump devices directly to a tape
Scheduling Jobs (crontab)
ps –ef | grep cron # Check that daemon is running
/etc/cron # Start the cron daemon
crontab –l # Display crontab file of current user
To modify current user crontab:
ü [cd /usr/spool/cron/crontabs]
ü crontab –l >crontab_file # List current settings
ü vi crontab_file # Modify crontab file
ü crontab crontab_file # Load new configuration
OR:
ü crontab –e # Edit crontab with vi
Format of crontab file is: 1-Minute (00-59|*), 2-Hour (00-23|*), 3-Day (1-31|*), 4-Month (1-12|*), 5-Weekday (0-6|*, 0 being Sunday), 5-Command
Diagnostic User Interface
suplicen # Change password - Test if Diag Tools are installed (if error, they are not)
sysdiag # (HP-UX 10.20) Start DUI
DUI> help [command] # Get help at DUI prompt
Adding a User
vi /etc/passwd # Add a line for new user (with empty password field)
vi /etc/group # Update group
mkdir /home/user # Create home directory
chown user:group /home/user # Change owner of the home directory
chmod 755 /home/user # Change rights of the home directory
passwd user # Assign a password
cp /etc/skel/.profile /home/user/.profile # Copy .profile
Software Distributor
See The Software Depot Cookbook for more information…
Log File Location
/var/adm/sw/swagent.log
Common Commands
swreg –l depot /depot/dir # Register a depot
swlist -l depot [@ host] # List registered depots [on a specific remote host]
swlist -d @ host:depot # List available products in a depot on a specific remote host
swlist –s depot # List available products in a local depot
swlist -l product -s /dev/rmt/0m # List installable products that are on the tape drive
swlist -l product [@ host] # List installed products [on a specific remote host]
swlist [-v] -l product product # List information on a product
swinstall # Start GUI for swinstall
swcopy # Start GUI for swcopy
swacl –l host # Display rights on local host
swacl –l host –M user:root@hostname:crwit # Give all rights to root user
cat /var/adm/sw/security/_ACL # Display rights (possible to edit manually if necessary)
Managing Products
swpackage –s psf_file –d depot_name # Create a product in the specified depot according to psf_file
swcopy –s source_depot product_or_fileset @ dest_depot # Copy a product or fileset into a depot
swinstall –x mount_all_filesystems=false –s [host:]depot_name package_name # Install a package from a depot [on a specific remote host]
Cleaning Up Patches
cleanup # To gain space in /var
Glance
gpm # Start glance
Perfview
pv # Start perfview
Omniback
omnidb -session session_name –report # Checking an Omniback session report
omnidb -filesystem hostname:/file/system datalst # Checking that a file system from “hostname” server in the “datalst” datalist was backed up
MeasureWare
mwa # Start MeasureWare Agent
/opt/perf/bin contains executable files.
/var/opt/perf(/datafiles) contains “log” files.
/etc/opt/perf can contain the configuration file (“parm”).
The scope is called scopeux. It uses “midaemon” daemon.
Interactive tools are:
extract
utility
RAID Manager (for Business Copy or Continuous Access for XP256)
Daemon on the UNIX host is called HORCM (HP Open Remote Copy Manager)
Each RAID Manager instance has a host-specific configuration file (ex: /etc/horcm0.conf)
HORCM_MON
#ip-address service poll(10ms) timeout(10ms)
HST1 horcm0 1000 3000
HORCM_CMD
#dev_name for command device
/dev/rdsk/c0t0d0
HORCM_DEV
#dev_group dev_name port# TargetID LU# MU#(BC only)
Oradb oradev1 CL1-A 1 1
Oradb oradev2 CL1-A 1 2
HORCM_INST
#dev_group ip_address service
Oradb HST2 horcm0
/etc/services contains a line such as the following for each RAID Manager instance (port number used and defined in the config file) :
horcm0 11000/udp # horcm0 instance of RAID Manager
Command Line
To run commands export HORCMINST=inst_nb first !
To run BC commands export HORCC_MRCF=1 first
horcmstart.sh [inst_nb_1] … [inst_nb_n] # Start RAID Manager instance(s)
horcmshutdown # Stop RAID Manager
horctakover –g <dev_group> # (CA only) Host executing horctakeover takes ownership of the pair(s) (P-VOL)
paircreate –g <dev_group> -vl –f never|data –c 15 # Create pair(s) with P-VOL on local side
pairsplit –g <dev_group> -rw -S # Split pair(s)
pairresync –g <dev_group> # Resynchronize pair(s)
pairdisplay –g <dev_group> -fxc # Display pair status
pairdisplay –g <dev_group> -fxc -l # Display pair status from the local point of view only
Managing EMC² Disks
Starting Open Symmetrix Manager
Check DISPLAY
cd /opt/soft/symmapps
. ./symmappsrc.sh
cd bin
omsgui
If reaffecting disk with sddr, create new special files:
ioscan –nf –C disk
insf -e
Checking EMC Disks Configuration (inq)
inq –et > /tmp/inq.out
Scanning LVM Disks
vgscan
Full Process for Creating a File System
If physical volume not initialized:
ü pvcreate /dev/rdsk/c0t0d0 # Create PV
–f: force, –B: bootable
If volume group exists already:
ü vgextend /dev/vg_name /dev/dsk/c0t0d0 # Add PV to VG
-g pvg_name: if using Physical VG (for mirroring)
If volume group must be created:
ü ll /dev/*/group # Check available minor numbers
ü mknod /dev/vg_name/group c 64 0x010000
ü vgcreate /dev/vg_name /dev/dsk/c0t0d0 # Create VG
-g pvg_name: if using PVG (for mirroring)
-p max_PV: max number of physical volumes in the VG (16)
-s PE_size: PE size in MB (4)
lvcreate –L size_in_MB –n lv_name /dev/vg_name # Create LV
-r (y)|n: bad block relocation (n for root, swap, dump, EMC² disks),
-s (s)|n|g: strict allocation policy (g if using PVG),
-m (0)|1|2: mirror_copies,
-C (n)|y: contiguous extent allocation (y for root, swap, dump)
newfs –F vxfs /dev/vg_name/rlv_name # Create FS
-F hfs|vxfs|nfs|cdfs|lofs: file system type
-b block_size: FS block size
-o largefiles|nolargefiles: enable large files
Edit /etc/fstab to add the file system
mkdir /mount/point/name
mount /mount/point/name # Mount File System
Creating a File System on a Specific Disk
lvcreate –n lv_name /dev/vg_name # Create LV without size
lvextend –L size_in_MB /dev/vg_name/lv_name /dev/dsk/c0t0d0 # Extend on the expected disk
Mirroring a Logical Volume onto a Particular Physical Volume
vgextend /dev/vg_name /dev/dsk/c1t1d1 # Add mirror disk in VG
-g pvg_name: if using PVG
lvextend -m 1 /dev/vg_name/lv_name /dev/dsk/c1t1d1 # Mirror LV
Expanding Online a VxFS File System (with OnlineJFS)
lvextend –L new_size_in_MB /dev/vg_name/lv_name # Extend LV
fsadm –F vxfs –b size_in_block /FS/mount/point # Extend FS
Expanding a File System (without OnlineJFS)
lvextend –L new_size_in_MB /dev/vg_name/lv_name # Extend LV
umount /dev/vg_name/lv_name # Unmount the FS
extendfs /dev/vg_name/rlv_name # Extend FS
mount /dev/vg_name/lv_name # Mount the FS
Checking Disk & LVM Information
diskinfo /dev/rdsk/c0t0d0 # Display information on the disk
pvdisplay [–v] /dev/rdsk/c0t0d0 # Display PV information
vgdisplay [–v] /dev/vg_name # Display VG information
lvdisplay [–v] /dev/vg_name/lv_name # Display LV information
mount # Display mounted file system
-a: mount all file system not already mounted
bdf # Display FS usage (%available, %free…)
lssf /dev/dsk/* # Display LV and paths
Checking a File System Block Size
fstyp –v /dev/vg_name/lvol_name # For all FS types
tunefs -v /dev/vg_name/lvol_name # For HFS (read parameter bsize)
getext file_name # For VxFS, file_name being any regular file on the FS (read parameter Bsize)
Checking Active Processes on a File System
fuser –u /dev/vg_name/lvol_name
Specificities of VxFS File Systems
Special Mount Options
mount -F vxfs -o option block_device_file mount_point_dir
-o option purpose:
blkclear,mincache=closesync: enhanced data integrity
delaylog: enhanced performance
tmplog,nolog: enhanced performance for temporary file systems
datainlog,convosync=dsync: improved synchronous writes
VxFS - Specific Commands
vxdump # Back up JFS file system, including extent attribute information
vxrestore # Restore JFS file system from a vxdump backup
fsadm # FS administration utility, mainly used for Online JFS features
setext # Set extent attributes
getext # List extent attribute information
OnlineJFS Features (fsadm)
fsadm -b new_size mount_point # Resize (in blocks) a FS
fsadm -D mount_point # Report on directory fragmentation
fsadm -d mount_point # Reorganize directories to reduce fragmentation
fsadm -E mount_point # Report on extent fragmentation
fsadm -e mount_point # Defragment extents
Running fsck on the root File System
init –s # Switch to single user mode
fsck /dev/vg00/lvol_name # cf repairing a corrupt HFS file system
Repairing a Corrupt HFS File System
umount /dev/vg_name/lvol_name # Unmount the file system
fsck -p /dev/vg_name/lvol_name # Run fsck in preen mode for simple corruption
fsck -n /dev/vg_name/lvol_name > /tmp/fsck_output # Do if previous step failed
Use output of previous step to find corrupted files
mkdir /FSCK; mount -f /dev/vg_name/lvol_name /FSCK # Force file system to be mounted
Backup the now mounted file system (ex: fbackup -f /dev/rmt/0m -0vi /FSCK)
umount /dev/vg_name/lvol_name # Unmount the file system
Only as a last resort:
ü fsck -y /dev/vg_name/lvol_name > /tmp/fsck_output
Repairing a Corrupt Journaled File System (VxFS)
umount /dev/vg_name/lvol_name # Unmount the file system
fsck –F vxfs -n /dev/vg_name/lvol_name > /tmp/fsck_output
Use output of previous step to find corrupted files
mkdir /FSCK; mount -f /dev/vg_name/lvol_name /FSCK # Force file system to be mounted
Backup the now mounted file system (ex: fbackup -f /dev/rmt/0m -0vi /FSCK)
umount /dev/vg_name/lvol_name # Unmount the file system
Only as a last resort:
ü fsck –F vxfs -y /dev/vg_name/lvol_name > /tmp/fsck_output
Checking Read & Write Cache Hit Ratios Buffer Cache
sar -b 5 5 # Display read and write cache hit ratios (%rcache & %wcache respectively)
Command Options (ls, cp, rm, chmod)
ls
–a: includes hidden files, –F: adds suffix
–R: recursive, –d: sees directory as file
-r: reverse order, -t: sort by date
cp
–r: recursive, -i: asks fo confirmation
rm
-r: recursive, -i: asks fo confirmation , -f: force
chmod
-R: recursive
File Rights
chmod (ex: chmod u+x,g=rx,o-rw…), umask, chown, chgrp, newgrp
lsacl, chacl # To be more specific on the rights (HFS only)
Information on a Binary File
strings –a file_name | more
Information on a File
To locate where is command_name in the current user path:
ü whence –v command_name
ü which command_name
ü type command_name
what command_name # Information on file
file file_name # Information on file content nature
Find Files
whereis file_name # Find all occurences of file_name
find start_location –name file_name
Executing a command on the found files
find start_location –name file_name –exec command_name {} /;
find start_location –name file_name –print | xargs command_name
Removing Files Older than 1 Day in Current Directory
find . –mtime +1 –exec rm {} /;
Finding Files Bigger Than 1KB
find start_location –type f –size +1024c
Status of all printers
lpstat -t
lp options
-ddest: destination, -ttitle: comment on first page
-nn: number of copies, -w: message sent when printing complete
-ohalf: 2 pages on one, -oc: compressed, -onb: no banner
Enabling / Disabling Printers
enable printer_name # Enable printer
disable printer_name # Disable printer
-c: cancel current requests
-r”reason_message”: display the reason
Cancel Printing
cancel printer_name # Cancel current job
cancel printer_name-ID_number # Cancel ID_number job
cancel –uuser_name # Cancel for user xxx
Administrator Commands
lpsched # Start up printer scheduler
lpadmin –ddest # Sets default printer
lpadmin –xdest # Remove the printer
Adding a Local Printer
lpshut # Shut down printer scheduler
lpadmin -pprinter -v/dev/device_file –mmodel # Create printer, the model being /usr/lib/lp/model
accept printer # Let the spooler accept requests for printer
enable printer # Enable printer
lpadmin –dprinter # Set as default printer
lpsched # Restart printer scheduler
Removing a Printer
lpshut # Shut down printer scheduler
reject -r"Use alternate printer." printer # Reject new requests
lpstat -o printer # Check for pending jobs
disable -r"Printer printer disabled." printer # Disable printer
lpmove printer alternate_printer # Optionnally move pending request to another printer queue
lpcancel printer # Optionnally cancel all request
lpadmin –xprinter # Remove the printer
lpsched # Restart printer scheduler
Checking Configuration
lanadmin # Interactive menu to manage lan cards
landiag # Display, diagnose, reset LAN cards information
lanscan # List LAN interfaces (display the network card NMID numbers)
ifconfig lann # Display configuration of a LAN interface
arp –a # Display arp tables
netstat –i # Show interface status
netstat –g # Show interface multicast information
netstat –r # Display routing tables
-n: display IP address instead of name
ping host # Test connection with a remote host
linkloop –i local_nmid remote_station_address # Test at level 2
linkloop -i 5 0x001083F537AB # Example
Configurations Files
/etc/hosts
/etc/hosts contains the known hosts; it must have at least the following 2 lines:
127.0.0.1 localhost loopback
Server_IP_address hostname alias
And then, one line per network interface and one per BIND, NIS or NIS+ server that you use
/etc/resolv.conf
/etc/resolv.conf is used for name resolution; for example, it can contain:
domain my.domain.com
nameserver name_server_IP_address
/etc/nsswitch.conf
/etc/nsswitch.conf is used for name resolution; for example, it can contain:
hosts: dns [NOTFOUND=continue] files
services: files
protocols: files
networks: files
rpc: files
netgroup: files
Other Files
/etc/host.equiv # For remote login without password (server-wide)
/.rhosts (or $HOME/.rhosts) # For remote login without password (user-defined)
/etc/networks # Known networks
/etc/services # Services and associated port numbers
/usr/adm/inetd.sec # Allowed/denied hosts, networks, …
/etc/rc.config.d/netconf # Network information configured at boot
Changing Configuration
uname –S system_name # Change system name
hostname hostame # Change hostname (for permanent change, edit /etc/rc.config.d/netconf and run /sbin/init.d/hostname start)
/sbin/set_parms hostname # Change hostname
/sbin/set_parms ip_address # Change IP address
/sbin/set_parms timezone # Change time zone
/sbin/set_parms addl_netwrk # Change additional network parameters:
subnetwork mask, network gateway, network gateway IP address, local domain name, Domain Name System (DNS) server host name, DNS server IP address, Network Information Service domain name
ifconfig lann IP_address netmask 0xffffff00 up # Configure and enable an interface
ifconfig lann 0.0.0.0 # Unconfigure an interface
To configure a default gateway:
ü /usr/sbin/route add default gateway_address 1
ü vi / /etc/rc.config.d/netconf
ROUTE_DESTINATION[0]="default"
ROUTE_GATEWAY[0]=" gateway_address "
ROUTE_COUNT[0]="1" # Set to “0” if the host is the gateway
Tar Copy & Tar Gzip
cd source_dir ; tar cf - . | ( cd dest_dir ; tar xf -i )
tar cvf – files_to_zip | gzip –c > zip_file_name.gzip
gunzip –c zip_file_name.gzip | tar xvf – unzip_location
Remotely
tar cvf - files_to_zip_full_path | gzip -c | remsh HOST "gunzip -c | tar xvf –"
cd source_dir; tar cvf - files_to_zip_relative_path | gzip -c | remsh HOST "gunzip -c | tar xvf – dest_dir"
X-Windows Environment
Printing an X-window
Set up DISPLAY
xwd | xpr –rxv –device ljet | lp –oraw –onb –dprinter_name
Getting an hpterm Window with a Scrollbar
hpterm –sb –sl 1024
Resizing a Window
resize
Accessing Command History
set -o vi # HISTSIZE and HISTFILE must be defined
Setting different command histories for one user
HISTSIZE=128
HISTFILE=$HOME/.sh_history_`basename $(tty)`
export HISTSIZE HISTFILE
String Substitution Under “vi”
:1,$s/old_string/new_string/g # Replaces all occurences
Communicating with Connected Users
write user_name [tty] # Validate with [CTRL-D]
wall # Write to all users
vi /etc/motd # Message displayed at logon
vi /etc/issue # Message displayed at logoff
mesg [y|n] # To “check if accepted” / accept / refuse messages
who # To know users’ tty
who –R # Display IP address of connected users
who am i # To know my tty
finger [hostname] # Connected users
whodo # Who does what…
Date & Time
date '+Il est %H:%M:%S,le %d:%m:%y'
Execution time of a command
time command_name
Reformated “bdf”
bdf | awk '{ if ( $0 !~ /%/ ) { printf("%s",$0) ; getline ; printf("/t%s/t%s/t%s/t%s/t%s/n",$1,$2,$3,$4,$5) } else printf("%s/t%s/t%s/t%s/t%s/t%s/n",$1,$2,$3,$4,$5,$6)}'
Logging Actions
script –a file_name
Version Control with RCS
co -l script_name # Put a lock on the script version n
vi script_name
ci script_name # Validate version n+1
co script_name # Extract latest copy of the script
Storing Script Name in a Variable
proc=`basename $0` # Store the name without its full path
Syntax for Tests
man test
Testing if a Variable is not Null
if [ -z ${variable_name:=””} ] ; then … # To do when the variable might be unset
Converting String to Lowercase
cat $STRING | dd conv=lcase 2>/dev/null
cat $STRING | tr “[:upper:]” “[:lower:]”
Substituting a String in a File
sed –e “s/string1/string2/g” file_name > new_file
Using an Array of Values
array_name[n]=value_n # Assign values (n=0,1,2,…)
echo ${array_name[n]} # Display a given value
for I in ${array_name[@]} # Go through all values
do
echo $I
done
Incrementing an Integer
integer R=0 # Initiate
(( R = $R + 1 )) # Increment
Debugging
sh –n script_name # Check syntax
sh –x script_name # Debug
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