Django 视图相关

CBV概念：class based view 不是来取代function－based view的，而是为了代码复用和面向对象特性。

Django中，对那些我们平时经常用的View进行了封装，比如用于渲染一个template的TemplateView，用于处理重定向的RedirectView，用于处理表单的FormView，用于处理数据库对象的DetailView和ListView等，这些View有一个共同的父类：View，在这个View类中，向外暴露了一个类方法：as_view()，它返回一个方法，这就是所有的View类的入口。

context详解：本质就是一组用字典封装好的准备送给template的参数，在view和template中扮演桥梁的角色。

from django.http import HttpResponse
def my_view(request):
    if request.method == 'GET':
        # <view logic>
        return HttpResponse('result')

对比而言，CBV如下：

from django.http import HttpResponse
from django.views.generic import View

class MyView(View):
    def get(self, request):
        # <view logic>
        return HttpResponse('result')

在urls.py中，如下写法：

from django.conf.urls import url from myapp.views import MyView
urlpatterns = [
     url(r'^about/$', MyView.as_view()), ] 

from django.http import HttpResponse
from django.views.generic import View

class GreetingView(View):
    greeting = "Good Day"

    def get(self, request):
        return HttpResponse(self.greeting)

class MorningGreetingView(GreetingView):
    greeting = "Morning to ya"

处理表格form的例子如下：

from django.http import HttpResponseRedirect
from django.shortcuts import render

from .forms import MyForm

def myview(request):
    if request.method == "POST":
        form = MyForm(request.POST)
        if form.is_valid():
            # <process form cleaned data>
            return HttpResponseRedirect('/success/')
    else:
        form = MyForm(initial={'key': 'value'})

    return render(request, 'form_template.html', {'form': form})

类似的CBV：

from django.http import HttpResponseRedirect
from django.shortcuts import render
from django.views.generic import View

from .forms import MyForm

class MyFormView(View):
    form_class = MyForm
    initial = {'key': 'value'}
    template_name = 'form_template.html'

    def get(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
        form = self.form_class(initial=self.initial)
        return render(request, self.template_name, {'form': form})

    def post(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
        form = self.form_class(request.POST)
        if form.is_valid():
            # <process form cleaned data>
            return HttpResponseRedirect('/success/')

django相关命令：django-admin(.py) startproject mysite，就会看到如下的项目目录样式，
mysite
├── manage.py
└── mysite
├── init.py
├── settings.py
├── urls.py
└── wsgi.py

然后在外层的mysite目录中执行 python manage.py startapp learn 可以看到mysite中多了一个learn文件夹。
learn/
├── init.py
├── admin.py
├── models.py
├── tests.py
└── views.py

此时learn作为一个app已经建立，再将其加入到settings.py的INSTALL_APP中。修改mysite／mysite／settings.py

INSTALLED_APPS = (
    'django.contrib.admin',
    'django.contrib.auth',
    'django.contrib.contenttypes',
    'django.contrib.sessions',
    'django.contrib.messages',
    'django.contrib.staticfiles',

    'learn',
)

新建的 app 如果不加到 INSTALL_APPS 中的话, django 就不能自动找到app中的模板文件(app-name/templates/下的文件)和静态文件(app-name/static/中的文件)

一 基本视图
1.django.views.generic.base.View
通用类的基类

# views.py
from django.http import HttpResponse
from django.views.generic import View

class MyView(View):

    def get(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
        return HttpResponse('Hello, World!')

# urls.py
from django.conf.urls import patterns, url

from myapp.views import MyView

urlpatterns = patterns('',
    url(r'^mine/$', MyView.as_view(), name='my-view'),
)

1. django.views.generic.base.TemplateView
   在get_context_data() 函数中，可以传一些 额外内容 到 模板

# views.py

from django.views.generic.base import TemplateView

from articles.models import Article

class HomePageView(TemplateView):
    template_name = "home.html"
    def get_context_data(self, **kwargs):
        context = super(HomePageView, self).get_context_data(**kwargs)
        context['latest_articles'] = Article.objects.all()[:5]
        return context

# urls.py
from django.conf.urls import patterns, url
from myapp.views import HomePageView
urlpatterns = patterns('',
    url(r'^$', HomePageView.as_view(), name='home'),
)

1. django.views.generic.base.RedirectView
   永久定向，可以直接在urls中使用

from django.conf.urls import patterns, url
from django.views.generic.base import RedirectView

urlpatterns = patterns('',
    url(r'^go-to-django/$', RedirectView.as_view(url='http://djangoproject.com'), name='go-to-django'),
    url(r'^go-to-ziqiangxuetang/$', RedirectView.as_view(url='http://www.ziqiangxuetang.com',permant=False), name='go-to-zqxt'),
)

其他使用方法：

# views.py
from django.shortcuts import get_object_or_404
from django.views.generic.base import RedirectView

from articles.models import Article

class ArticleCounterRedirectView(RedirectView):

    url = ' # 要跳转的网址，
    # url 可以不给，用 pattern_name 和 get_redirect_url() 函数 来解析到要跳转的网址

    permanent = False #是否为永久重定向, 默认为 True
    query_string = True # 是否传递GET的参数到跳转网址，True时会传递，默认为 False
    pattern_name = 'article-detail' # 用来跳转的 URL, 看下面的 get_redirect_url() 函数


    # 如果url没有设定，此函数就会尝试用pattern_name和从网址中捕捉的参数来获取对应网址
    # 即 reverse(pattern_name, args) 得到相应的网址，
    # 在这个例子中是一个文章的点击数链接，点击后文章浏览次数加1，再跳转到真正的文章页面
    def get_redirect_url(self, *args, **kwargs):
         If url is not set, get_redirect_url() tries to reverse the pattern_name using what was captured in the URL (both named and unnamed groups are used).
        article = get_object_or_404(Article, pk=kwargs['pk'])
        article.update_counter() # 更新文章点击数，在models.py中实现
        return super(ArticleCounterRedirectView, self).get_redirect_url(*args, **kwargs)


# urls.py
from django.conf.urls import patterns, url
from django.views.generic.base import RedirectView

from article.views import ArticleCounterRedirectView, ArticleDetail

urlpatterns = patterns('',

    url(r'^counter/(?P<pk>\d+)/$', ArticleCounterRedirectView.as_view(), name='article-counter'),
    url(r'^details/(?P<pk>\d+)/$', ArticleDetail.as_view(), name='article-detail'),
)

二 通用显示视图：
1. django.views.generic.detail.DetailView
DetailView 有以下方法：

dispatch()
http_method_not_allowed()
get_template_names()
get_slug_field()
get_queryset()
get_object()
get_context_object_name()
get_context_data()
get()
render_to_response()