#include<cstdio>
using namespace std;
int main() {
int T, D, I;
scanf("%d", &T);
while(T--) {
scanf("%d%d", &D, &I);
int k = 1;
for(int i = 0; i < D-1; i++)
if(I%2) { k = k*2; I = (I+1)/2; }
else { k = k*2+1; I /= 2; }
printf("%d\n", k);
}
return 0;
}
using namespace std;
int main() {
int T, D, I;
scanf("%d", &T);
while(T--) {
scanf("%d%d", &D, &I);
int k = 1;
for(int i = 0; i < D-1; i++)
if(I%2) { k = k*2; I = (I+1)/2; }
else { k = k*2+1; I /= 2; }
printf("%d\n", k);
}
return 0;
}