Linux—— declare

declare命令用于声明 shell 变量，declare为shell指令。

1. 语法

declare [+/-][rxi][变量名＝值]
可用来声明变量并设置变量的属性([rix]即为变量的属性）

[root@node1 ~]# help declare 
declare: declare [-aAfFgilrtux] [-p] [name[=value] ...]
    Set variable values and attributes.
    
    Declare variables and give them attributes.  If no NAMEs are given,
    display the attributes and values of all variables.
    
    Options:
      -f	restrict action or display to function names and definitions
      -F	restrict display to function names only (plus line number and
    	source file when debugging)
      -g	create global variables when used in a shell function; otherwise
    	ignored
      -p	display the attributes and value of each NAME
    
    Options which set attributes:
      -a	to make NAMEs indexed arrays (if supported)
      -A	to make NAMEs associative arrays (if supported)
      -i	to make NAMEs have the `integer' attribute
      -l	to convert NAMEs to lower case on assignment
      -r	to make NAMEs readonly
      -t	to make NAMEs have the `trace' attribute
      -u	to convert NAMEs to upper case on assignment
      -x	to make NAMEs export
    
    Using `+' instead of `-' turns off the given attribute.
    
    Variables with the integer attribute have arithmetic evaluation (see
    the `let' command) performed when the variable is assigned a value.
    
    When used in a function, `declare' makes NAMEs local, as with the `local'
    command.  The `-g' option suppresses this behavior.
    
    Exit Status:
    Returns success unless an invalid option is supplied or an error occurs.

2. 参数

+/- 　"-“可用来指定变量的属性，”+"则是取消变量所设的属性。可以累加。
-f 　仅显示函数。
r 　将变量设置为只读。
x 　指定的变量会成为环境变量，可供shell以外的程序来使用。
i 　[设置值]可以是数值，字符串或运算式。

3. 示例

3.1 显示全部的shell变量与函数

[root@node1 ~]# declare -f

3.2 显示指定的函数

[root@node1 ~]# declare -f quote
quote () 
{ 
    local quoted=${1//\'/\'\\\'\'};
    printf "'%s'" "$quoted"
}

3.3 声明整数型变量

[root@node1 ~]# declare -i a 
[root@node1 ~]# declare -p a 
declare -ail a='([0]="0")'

3.4 改变变量属性

[root@node1 ~]# declare -i a
[root@node1 ~]# a=1
[root@node1 ~]# echo $a
1
[root@node1 ~]# a="str"
[root@node1 ~]# echo $a
0
[root@node1 ~]# declare +i a
[root@node1 ~]# a="str"
[root@node1 ~]# echo $a
str

3.5 转换大小写

[root@node1 ~]# declare -i
[root@node1 ~]# declare -l s
[root@node1 ~]# s="A"
[root@node1 ~]# echo $s
a

3.6 设置变量为只读

[root@node1 ~]# declare -r a
[root@node1 ~]# a=12
-bash: a: readonly variable

3.7 定义数组变量

[root@node1 ~]# declare -a cd='([0]="a" [1]="b" [2]="c")' 
[root@node1 ~]# echo ${cd[1]}
b
[root@node1 ~]# echo ${cd[@]}
a b c

[root@node1 ~]# declare -a a[3]
[root@node1 ~]# a[0]=1
-bash: a: readonly variable

3.8 允许算术计算

[root@node1 ~]# n=6/3
[root@node1 ~]# echo $(($n))
2
[root@node1 ~]# echo $[ $n ]
2
[root@node1 ~]# echo $n
6/3
[root@node1 ~]# declare -i n
[root@node1 ~]# echo $n
6/3
[root@node1 ~]# n=6/3
[root@node1 ~]# echo $n
2
[root@node1 ~]# n=6/4
[root@node1 ~]# echo $n
1

3.9 输出环境变量

declare -x var
export var
#declare命令允许在声明变量类型的时候同时给变量赋值。
declare -x var3=373

3.10 综合案例

#!/bin/bash
func1 ()
{
	echo This is a function.
}
declare -f        # 列出上面的函数.
echo
declare -i var1   # var1是一个整数.
var1=365
echo "var1 declared as $var1"
var1=var1+1       # 整数声明后，不需要使用'let'.
echo "var1 incremented by 1 is $var1."
#试图将已声明为整数的变量的值更改为浮点值.
echo "Attempting to change var1 to floating point value, 2367.1."
 var1=2367.1       # 引起一个错误信息，此变量的值保持原样.
 echo "var1 is still $var1"
 echo
 declare -r var2=13.36         # 'declare'允许设置变量的属性，
  
echo "var2 declared as $var2" # 试图更改只读变量的值.
var2=13.37                    # 引起错误，并且从脚本退出.
  
echo "var2 is still $var2"    # 这行不会被执行.
exit 0                        # 脚本不会从这儿退出.

3.11 用declare声明局部变量
不加declare的FOO是全局变量

foo ()
{
	FOO="bar"
}
 
bar ()
{
	foo
	echo $FOO
 }
 # 打印 bar.
bar   

加declare的FOO是局部变量

foo ()
{
	declare FOO="bar"
}

bar ()
 {
	foo
	echo $FOO
 }
#什么也不打印. 
bar  

————Blueicex 2020/03/03 23:51 blueice1980@126.com