20. 标准库——Python官网语法摘录

1. 操作系统接口

>>> import os
>>> os.getcwd()      # Return the current working directory
'C:\\Python38'
>>> os.chdir('/server/accesslogs')   # Change current working directory
>>> os.system('mkdir today')   # Run the command mkdir in the system shell
0

一定要使用 import os 而不是 from os import * 。这将避免内建的 open() 函数被 os.open() 隐式替换掉。

>>> import os
>>> dir(os)
<returns a list of all module functions>
>>> help(os)
<returns an extensive manual page created from the module's docstrings>

>>> import shutil
>>> shutil.copyfile('data.db', 'archive.db')
'archive.db'
>>> shutil.move('/build/executables', 'installdir')
'installdir'

2.文件通配符

>>> import glob
>>> glob.glob('*.py')
['primes.py', 'random.py', 'quote.py']

3. 命令行参数

在命令行运行 python demo.py one two three
demo.py

>>> import sys
>>> print(sys.argv)
['demo.py', 'one', 'two', 'three']

4. 错误输出重定向和程序终止

sys 模块具有 stdin ， stdout 和 stderr 的属性。

>>> sys.stderr.write('Warning, log file not found starting a new one\n')
Warning, log file not found starting a new one

终止脚本的最直接方法是使用 sys.exit() 。

5. 字符串模式匹配

>>> import re
>>> re.findall(r'\bf[a-z]*', 'which foot or hand fell fastest')
['foot', 'fell', 'fastest']
>>> re.sub(r'(\b[a-z]+) \1', r'\1', 'cat in the the hat')
'cat in the hat'

>>> 'tea for too'.replace('too', 'two')
'tea for two'

6. 数学

>>> import random
>>> random.choice(['apple', 'pear', 'banana'])
'apple'
>>> random.sample(range(100), 10)   # sampling without replacement
[30, 83, 16, 4, 8, 81, 41, 50, 18, 33]
>>> random.random()    # random float
0.17970987693706186
>>> random.randrange(6)    # random integer chosen from range(6)
4

statistics 模块计算数值数据的基本统计属性（均值，中位数，方差等）

>>> import statistics
>>> data = [2.75, 1.75, 1.25, 0.25, 0.5, 1.25, 3.5]
>>> statistics.mean(data)
1.6071428571428572
>>> statistics.median(data)
1.25
>>> statistics.variance(data)
1.3720238095238095

7. 互联网访问

urllib.request 用于从URL检索数据，smtplib 用于发送邮件。

>>> from urllib.request import urlopen
>>> with urlopen('http://tycho.usno.navy.mil/cgi-bin/timer.pl') as response:
...     for line in response:
...         line = line.decode('utf-8')  # Decoding the binary data to text.
...         if 'EST' in line or 'EDT' in line:  # look for Eastern Time
...             print(line)

<BR>Nov. 25, 09:43:32 PM EST

>>> import smtplib
>>> server = smtplib.SMTP('localhost')
>>> server.sendmail('soothsayer@example.org', 'jcaesar@example.org',
... """To: jcaesar@example.org
... From: soothsayer@example.org
...
... Beware the Ides of March.
... """)
>>> server.quit()

8. 日期和时间

>>> # dates are easily constructed and formatted
>>> from datetime import date
>>> now = date.today()
>>> now
datetime.date(2003, 12, 2)
>>> now.strftime("%m-%d-%y. %d %b %Y is a %A on the %d day of %B.")
'12-02-03. 02 Dec 2003 is a Tuesday on the 02 day of December.'

>>> # dates support calendar arithmetic
>>> birthday = date(1964, 7, 31)
>>> age = now - birthday
>>> age.days
14368

9. 数据压缩

常见的数据存档和压缩格式由模块直接支持，包括：zlib, gzip, bz2, lzma, zipfile 和 tarfile。:

>>> import zlib
>>> s = b'witch which has which witches wrist watch'
>>> len(s)
41
>>> t = zlib.compress(s)
>>> len(t)
37
>>> zlib.decompress(t)
b'witch which has which witches wrist watch'
>>> zlib.crc32(s)
226805979

10. 性能测量

>>> from timeit import Timer
>>> Timer('t=a; a=b; b=t', 'a=1; b=2').timeit()
0.57535828626024577
>>> Timer('a,b = b,a', 'a=1; b=2').timeit()
0.54962537085770791

11. 质量控制

doctest 模块提供了一个工具，用于扫描模块并验证程序文档字符串中嵌入的测试。测试构造就像将典型调用及其结果剪切并粘贴到文档字符串一样简单。这通过向用户提供示例来改进文档，并且它允许doctest模块确保代码保持对文档的真实:

def average(values):
    """Computes the arithmetic mean of a list of numbers.

    >>> print(average([20, 30, 70]))
    40.0
    """
    return sum(values) / len(values)

import doctest
doctest.testmod()   # automatically validate the embedded tests

unittest 模块不像 doctest 模块那样易于使用，但它允许在一个单独的文件中维护更全面的测试集:

import unittest

class TestStatisticalFunctions(unittest.TestCase):

    def test_average(self):
        self.assertEqual(average([20, 30, 70]), 40.0)
        self.assertEqual(round(average([1, 5, 7]), 1), 4.3)
        with self.assertRaises(ZeroDivisionError):
            average([])
        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
            average(20, 30, 70)

unittest.main()  # Calling from the command line invokes all tests

未完结。。。。。
————Blueicex 2020/07/20 10:44 blueice1980@126.com