google protobuf 源码阅读（一）

文件： common.h，位于 src/google/protobuf/stubs 目录。下面·的代码是在阅读的时候，不太懂的地方，先记录下来。

（1）如下代码的意义

#ifdef _MSC_VER
#define GOOGLE_LONGLONG(x) x##I64
#define GOOGLE_ULONGLONG(x) x##UI64
#define GOOGLE_LL_FORMAT "I64"  // As in printf("%I64d", ...)
#else
#define GOOGLE_LONGLONG(x) x##LL
#define GOOGLE_ULONGLONG(x) x##ULL
#define GOOGLE_LL_FORMAT "ll"  // As in "%lld". Note that "q" is poor form also.
#endif

static const int32 kint32max = 0x7FFFFFFF;
static const int32 kint32min = -kint32max - 1;
static const int64 kint64max = GOOGLE_LONGLONG(0x7FFFFFFFFFFFFFFF);
static const int64 kint64min = -kint64max - 1;
static const uint32 kuint32max = 0xFFFFFFFFu;
static const uint64 kuint64max = GOOGLE_ULONGLONG(0xFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF);

（2）如下代码的意义

#ifndef GOOGLE_ATTRIBUTE_ALWAYS_INLINE
#if defined(__GNUC__) && (__GNUC__ > 3 ||(__GNUC__ == 3 && __GNUC_MINOR__ >= 1))
// For functions we want to force inline.
// Introduced in gcc 3.1.
#define GOOGLE_ATTRIBUTE_ALWAYS_INLINE __attribute__ ((always_inline))
#else
// Other compilers will have to figure it out for themselves.
#define GOOGLE_ATTRIBUTE_ALWAYS_INLINE
#endif
#endif

#ifndef GOOGLE_ATTRIBUTE_DEPRECATED
#ifdef __GNUC__
// If the method/variable/type is used anywhere, produce a warning.
#define GOOGLE_ATTRIBUTE_DEPRECATED __attribute__((deprecated))
#else
#define GOOGLE_ATTRIBUTE_DEPRECATED
#endif
#endif

#ifndef GOOGLE_PREDICT_TRUE
#ifdef __GNUC__
// Provided at least since GCC 3.0.
#define GOOGLE_PREDICT_TRUE(x) (__builtin_expect(!!(x), 1))
#else
#define GOOGLE_PREDICT_TRUE
#endif
#endif

（3）如下代的意义

#undef GOOGLE_ARRAYSIZE
#define GOOGLE_ARRAYSIZE(a) \
  ((sizeof(a) / sizeof(*(a))) / \
   static_cast<size_t>(!(sizeof(a) % sizeof(*(a))))

（4）如下代码的意义

namespace internal {

// Use implicit_cast as a safe version of static_cast or const_cast
// for upcasting in the type hierarchy (i.e. casting a pointer to Foo
// to a pointer to SuperclassOfFoo or casting a pointer to Foo to
// a const pointer to Foo).
// When you use implicit_cast, the compiler checks that the cast is safe.
// Such explicit implicit_casts are necessary in surprisingly many
// situations where C++ demands an exact type match instead of an
// argument type convertable to a target type.
//
// The From type can be inferred, so the preferred syntax for using
// implicit_cast is the same as for static_cast etc.:
//
//   implicit_cast<ToType>(expr)
//
// implicit_cast would have been part of the C++ standard library,
// but the proposal was submitted too late.  It will probably make
// its way into the language in the future.
template<typename To, typename From>
inline To implicit_cast(From const &f) {
  return f;
}

// When you upcast (that is, cast a pointer from type Foo to type
// SuperclassOfFoo), it's fine to use implicit_cast<>, since upcasts
// always succeed.  When you downcast (that is, cast a pointer from
// type Foo to type SubclassOfFoo), static_cast<> isn't safe, because
// how do you know the pointer is really of type SubclassOfFoo?  It
// could be a bare Foo, or of type DifferentSubclassOfFoo.  Thus,
// when you downcast, you should use this macro.  In debug mode, we
// use dynamic_cast<> to double-check the downcast is legal (we die
// if it's not).  In normal mode, we do the efficient static_cast<>
// instead.  Thus, it's important to test in debug mode to make sure
// the cast is legal!
//    This is the only place in the code we should use dynamic_cast<>.
// In particular, you SHOULDN'T be using dynamic_cast<> in order to
// do RTTI (eg code like this:
//    if (dynamic_cast<Subclass1>(foo)) HandleASubclass1Object(foo);
//    if (dynamic_cast<Subclass2>(foo)) HandleASubclass2Object(foo);
// You should design the code some other way not to need this.

template<typename To, typename From>     // use like this: down_cast<T*>(foo);
inline To down_cast(From* f) {                   // so we only accept pointers
  // Ensures that To is a sub-type of From *.  This test is here only
  // for compile-time type checking, and has no overhead in an
  // optimized build at run-time, as it will be optimized away
  // completely.
  if (false) {
    implicit_cast<From*, To>(0);
  }

#if !defined(NDEBUG) && !defined(GOOGLE_PROTOBUF_NO_RTTI)
  assert(f == NULL || dynamic_cast<To>(f) != NULL);  // RTTI: debug mode only!
#endif
  return static_cast<To>(f);
}

} 

（5）如下代码的意义

template<typename T> struct remove_pointer { typedef T type; };
template<typename T> struct remove_pointer<T*> { typedef T type; };
template<typename T> struct remove_pointer<T* const> { typedef T type; };
template<typename T> struct remove_pointer<T* volatile> { typedef T type; };
template<typename T> struct remove_pointer<T* const volatile> {
  typedef T type; };