数据类型的问题一般都是出了问题之后才会发现的，所以有了一些经验之后就会拿到数据之后，就直接看数据类型，是否与自己想要处理的数据格式一致，这样可以从一开始避免一些尴尬的问题出现。那么我们以一个简单的例子，利用jupyter notebook进行一个数据类型的介绍
。
####按照惯例导入两个常用的数据处理的包，numpy与pandas
import numpy as np
import pandas as pd
# 从csv文件读取数据，数据表格中只有5行，里面包含了float，string，int三种数据python类型，也就是分别对应的pandas的float64，object，int64
# csv文件中共有六列，第一列是表头，其余是数据。
df = pd.read_csv("sales_data_types.csv")
print(df) Customer Number Customer Name 2016 2017 \
0 10002 Quest Industries $125,000.00 $162,500.00
1 552278 Smith Plumbing $920,000.00 $1,012,000.00
2 23477 ACME Industrial $50,000.00 $62,500.00
3 24900 Brekke LTD $350,000.00 $490,000.00
4 651029 Harbor Co $15,000.00 $12,750.00
Percent Growth Jan Units Month Day Year Active
0 30.00% 500 1 10 2015 Y
1 10.00% 700 6 15 2014 Y
2 25.00% 125 3 29 2016 Y
3 4.00% 75 10 27 2015 Y
4 -15.00% Closed 2 2 2014 N df.dtypesCustomer Number int64
Customer Name object
2016 object
2017 object
Percent Growth object
Jan Units object
Month int64
Day int64
Year int64
Active object
dtype: object# 假如想得到2016年与2017年的数据总和，可以尝试,但并不是我们需要的答案，因为这两列中的数据类型是object，执行该操作之后，得到是一个更加长的字符串，
# 当然我们可以通过df.info() 来获得关于数据框的更多的详细信息，
df['2016']+df['2017']
0 $125,000.00 $162,500.00
1 $920,000.00 $1,012,000.00
2 $50,000.00 $62,500.00
3 $350,000.00 $490,000.00
4 $15,000.00 $12,750.00
dtype: objectdf.info()
# Customer Number 列是float64，然而应该是int64
# 2016 2017两列的数据是object，并不是float64或者int64格式
# Percent以及Jan Units 也是objects而不是数字格式
# Month，Day以及Year应该转化为datetime64[ns]格式
# Active 列应该是布尔值
# 如果不做数据清洗，很难进行下一步的数据分析，为了进行数据格式的转化，pandas里面有三种比较常用的方法
# 1. astype()强制转化数据类型
# 2. 通过创建自定义的函数进行数据转化
# 3. pandas提供的to_nueric()以及to_datetime()<class 'pandas.core.frame.DataFrame'>
RangeIndex: 5 entries, 0 to 4
Data columns (total 10 columns):
Customer Number 5 non-null int64
Customer Name 5 non-null object
2016 5 non-null object
2017 5 non-null object
Percent Growth 5 non-null object
Jan Units 5 non-null object
Month 5 non-null int64
Day 5 non-null int64
Year 5 non-null int64
Active 5 non-null object
dtypes: int64(4), object(6)
memory usage: 480.0+ bytes比如可以通过astype()将第一列的数据转化为整数int类型
df['Customer Number'].astype("int")
# 这样的操作并没有改变原始的数据框，而只是返回的一个拷贝0 10002
1 552278
2 23477
3 24900
4 651029
Name: Customer Number, dtype: int32# 想要真正的改变数据框，通常需要通过赋值来进行，比如
df["Customer Number"] = df["Customer Number"].astype("int")
print(df)
print("--------"*10)
print(df.dtypes) Customer Number Customer Name 2016 2017 \
0 10002 Quest Industries $125,000.00 $162,500.00
1 552278 Smith Plumbing $920,000.00 $1,012,000.00
2 23477 ACME Industrial $50,000.00 $62,500.00
3 24900 Brekke LTD $350,000.00 $490,000.00
4 651029 Harbor Co $15,000.00 $12,750.00
Percent Growth Jan Units Month Day Year Active
0 30.00% 500 1 10 2015 Y
1 10.00% 700 6 15 2014 Y
2 25.00% 125 3 29 2016 Y
3 4.00% 75 10 27 2015 Y
4 -15.00% Closed 2 2 2014 N
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Customer Number int32
Customer Name object
2016 object
2017 object
Percent Growth object
Jan Units object
Month int64
Day int64
Year int64
Active object
dtype: object# 通过赋值在原始的数据框基础上进行了数据转化，可以重新看一下我们新生成的数据框
print(df) Customer Number Customer Name 2016 2017 \
0 10002 Quest Industries $125,000.00 $162,500.00
1 552278 Smith Plumbing $920,000.00 $1,012,000.00
2 23477 ACME Industrial $50,000.00 $62,500.00
3 24900 Brekke LTD $350,000.00 $490,000.00
4 651029 Harbor Co $15,000.00 $12,750.00
Percent Growth Jan Units Month Day Year Active
0 30.00% 500 1 10 2015 Y
1 10.00% 700 6 15 2014 Y
2 25.00% 125 3 29 2016 Y
3 4.00% 75 10 27 2015 Y
4 -15.00% Closed 2 2 2014 N # 然后像2016,2017 Percent Growth，Jan Units 这几列带有特殊符号的object是不能直接通过astype("flaot)方法进行转化的，
# 这与python中的字符串转化为浮点数，都要求原始的字符都只能含有数字本身，不能含有其他的特殊字符
# 我们可以试着将将Active列转化为布尔值，看一下到底会发生什么,五个结果全是True，说明并没有起到什么作用#df["Active"].astype("bool")
df['2016'].astype('float')---------------------------------------------------------------------------
ValueError Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-19-47cc9d68cd65> in <module>()
----> 1 df['2016'].astype('float')
C:\Anaconda3\lib\site-packages\pandas\core\generic.py in astype(self, dtype, copy, raise_on_error, **kwargs)
3052 # else, only a single dtype is given
3053 new_data = self._data.astype(dtype=dtype, copy=copy,
-> 3054 raise_on_error=raise_on_error, **kwargs)
3055 return self._constructor(new_data).__finalize__(self)
3056
C:\Anaconda3\lib\site-packages\pandas\core\internals.py in astype(self, dtype, **kwargs)
3187
3188 def astype(self, dtype, **kwargs):
-> 3189 return self.apply('astype', dtype=dtype, **kwargs)
3190
3191 def convert(self, **kwargs):
C:\Anaconda3\lib\site-packages\pandas\core\internals.py in apply(self, f, axes, filter, do_integrity_check, consolidate, **kwargs)
3054
3055 kwargs['mgr'] = self
-> 3056 applied = getattr(b, f)(**kwargs)
3057 result_blocks = _extend_blocks(applied, result_blocks)
3058
C:\Anaconda3\lib\site-packages\pandas\core\internals.py in astype(self, dtype, copy, raise_on_error, values, **kwargs)
459 **kwargs):
460 return self._astype(dtype, copy=copy, raise_on_error=raise_on_error,
--> 461 values=values, **kwargs)
462
463 def _astype(self, dtype, copy=False, raise_on_error=True, values=None,
C:\Anaconda3\lib\site-packages\pandas\core\internals.py in _astype(self, dtype, copy, raise_on_error, values, klass, mgr, **kwargs)
502
503 # _astype_nansafe works fine with 1-d only
--> 504 values = _astype_nansafe(values.ravel(), dtype, copy=True)
505 values = values.reshape(self.shape)
506
C:\Anaconda3\lib\site-packages\pandas\types\cast.py in _astype_nansafe(arr, dtype, copy)
535
536 if copy:
--> 537 return arr.astype(dtype)
538 return arr.view(dtype)
539
ValueError: could not convert string to float: '$15,000.00 'def convert_currency(var):
"""
convert the string number to a float
_ 去除$
- 去除逗号，
- 转化为浮点数类型
"""
new_value = var.replace(",","").replace("$","")
return float(new_value)# 通过replace函数将$以及逗号去掉，然后字符串转化为浮点数，让pandas选择pandas认为合适的特定类型，float或者int，该例子中将数据转化为了float64
# 通过pandas中的apply函数将2016列中的数据全部转化
df["2016"].apply(convert_currency)0 125000.0
1 920000.0
2 50000.0
3 350000.0
4 15000.0
Name: 2016, dtype: float64# 当然可以通过lambda 函数将这个比较简单的函数一行带过
df["2016"].apply(lambda x: x.replace(",","").replace("$","")).astype("float64")0 125000.0
1 920000.0
2 50000.0
3 350000.0
4 15000.0
Name: 2016, dtype: float64#同样可以利用lambda表达式将PercentGrowth进行数据清理
df["Percent Growth"].apply(lambda x: x.replace("%","")).astype("float")/1000 0.30
1 0.10
2 0.25
3 0.04
4 -0.15
Name: Percent Growth, dtype: float64# 同样可以通过自定义函数进行解决，结果同上
# 最后一个自定义函数是利用np.where() function 将Active 列转化为布尔值。
df["Active"] = np.where(df["Active"] == "Y", True, False)
df[“Active”]
0 True
1 True
2 True
3 True
4 False
Name: Active, dtype: bool# 此时可查看一下数据格式
df["2016"]=df["2016"].apply(lambda x: x.replace(",","").replace("$","")).astype("float64")
df["2017"]=df["2017"].apply(lambda x: x.replace(",","").replace("$","")).astype("float64")
df["Percent Growth"]=df["Percent Growth"].apply(lambda x: x.replace("%","")).astype("float")/100
df.dtypesCustomer Number int32
Customer Name object
2016 float64
2017 float64
Percent Growth float64
Jan Units object
Month int64
Day int64
Year int64
Active bool
dtype: object# 再次查看DataFrame
# 此时只有Jan Units中格式需要转化，以及年月日的合并，可以利用pandas中自带的几个函数进行处理
print(df) Customer Number Customer Name 2016 2017 Percent Growth \
0 10002 Quest Industries 125000.0 162500.0 0.30
1 552278 Smith Plumbing 920000.0 1012000.0 0.10
2 23477 ACME Industrial 50000.0 62500.0 0.25
3 24900 Brekke LTD 350000.0 490000.0 0.04
4 651029 Harbor Co 15000.0 12750.0 -0.15
Jan Units Month Day Year Active
0 500 1 10 2015 True
1 700 6 15 2014 True
2 125 3 29 2016 True
3 75 10 27 2015 True
4 Closed 2 2 2014 False # pandas中pd.to_numeric()处理Jan Units中的数据
pd.to_numeric(df["Jan Units"],errors='coerce').fillna(0)0 500.0
1 700.0
2 125.0
3 75.0
4 0.0
Name: Jan Units, dtype: float64# 最后利用pd.to_datatime()将年月日进行合并
pd.to_datetime(df[['Month', 'Day', 'Year']])0 2015-01-10
1 2014-06-15
2 2016-03-29
3 2015-10-27
4 2014-02-02
dtype: datetime64[ns]# 做到这里不要忘记重新赋值，否则原始数据并没有变化
df["Jan Units"] = pd.to_numeric(df["Jan Units"],errors='coerce')
df["Start_date"] = pd.to_datetime(df[['Month', 'Day', 'Year']])df| Customer Number | Customer Name | 2016 | 2017 | Percent Growth | Jan Units | Month | Day | Year | Active | Start_date | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | 10002 | Quest Industries | 125000.0 | 162500.0 | 0.30 | 500.0 | 1 | 10 | 2015 | True | 2015-01-10 |
| 1 | 552278 | Smith Plumbing | 920000.0 | 1012000.0 | 0.10 | 700.0 | 6 | 15 | 2014 | True | 2014-06-15 |
| 2 | 23477 | ACME Industrial | 50000.0 | 62500.0 | 0.25 | 125.0 | 3 | 29 | 2016 | True | 2016-03-29 |
| 3 | 24900 | Brekke LTD | 350000.0 | 490000.0 | 0.04 | 75.0 | 10 | 27 | 2015 | True | 2015-10-27 |
| 4 | 651029 | Harbor Co | 15000.0 | 12750.0 | -0.15 | NaN | 2 | 2 | 2014 | False | 2014-02-02 |
df.dtypesCustomer Number int32
Customer Name object
2016 float64
2017 float64
Percent Growth float64
Jan Units float64
Month int64
Day int64
Year int64
Active bool
Start_date datetime64[ns]
dtype: object# 将这些转化整合在一起
def convert_percent(val):
"""
Convert the percentage string to an actual floating point percent
- Remove %
- Divide by 100 to make decimal
"""
new_val = val.replace('%', '')
return float(new_val) / 100
df_2 = pd.read_csv("sales_data_types.csv",dtype={"Customer_Number":"int"},converters={
"2016":convert_currency,
"2017":convert_currency,
"Percent Growth":convert_percent,
"Jan Units":lambda x:pd.to_numeric(x,errors="coerce"),
"Active":lambda x: np.where(x=="Y",True,False)
})df_2.dtypesCustomer Number int64
Customer Name object
2016 float64
2017 float64
Percent Growth float64
Jan Units float64
Month int64
Day int64
Year int64
Active bool
dtype: objectdf_2| Customer Number | Customer Name | 2016 | 2017 | Percent Growth | Jan Units | Month | Day | Year | Active | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | 10002 | Quest Industries | 125000.0 | 162500.0 | 0.30 | 500.0 | 1 | 10 | 2015 | True |
| 1 | 552278 | Smith Plumbing | 920000.0 | 1012000.0 | 0.10 | 700.0 | 6 | 15 | 2014 | True |
| 2 | 23477 | ACME Industrial | 50000.0 | 62500.0 | 0.25 | 125.0 | 3 | 29 | 2016 | True |
| 3 | 24900 | Brekke LTD | 350000.0 | 490000.0 | 0.04 | 75.0 | 10 | 27 | 2015 | True |
| 4 | 651029 | Harbor Co | 15000.0 | 12750.0 | -0.15 | NaN | 2 | 2 | 2014 | False |
至此，pandas里面数据类型目前还有timedelta以及category两个,之后会着重介绍category类型，这是类型是参考了R中的category设计的，在pandas 0.16 之后添加的，之后还会根据需要进行整理pandas的常用方法。
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