【马士兵】Python基础--17

Python基础–17

特殊方法和特殊属性

print(dir(object))
# ['__class__', '__delattr__', '__dir__', '__doc__', '__eq__', '__format__', '__ge__',
#  '__getattribute__', '__gt__', '__hash__','__init__', '__init_subclass__', '__le__',
#  '__lt__', '__ne__', '__new__',  '__reduce__', '__reduce_ex__', '__repr__', '__setattr__',
#  '__sizeof__', '__str__', '__subclasshook__']
 
class A:
    pass
class B:
    pass
class C(A,B):
    def __init__(self,name):
        self.name=name
 
x=C('Jack')
print(x.__dict__) #{'name': 'Jack'}
print(C.__dict__)#{'__module__': '__main__', '__init__': <function C.__init__ at 0x000001C1EF107700>, '__doc__': None}
print(x.__class__)#对象所属类<class '__main__.C'>
print(C.__bases__)#父类元组(<class '__main__.A'>, <class '__main__.B'>)
print(C.__base__)#基类元组<class '__main__.A'>
print(C.__mro__)#类的层次结构(<class '__main__.C'>, <class '__main__.A'>, <class '__main__.B'>, <class 'object'>)
print(B.__subclasses__())#子类[<class '__main__.C'>]

a=20
b=100
c=a+b
d=a.__add__(b)
 
print(c)#120
print(d)#120
 
class Student:
    def __init__(self,name):
        self.name=name
    def __add__(self,other):
        return self.name+other.name
    def __len__(self):
        return len(self.name)
 
stu1=Student('张三')
stu2=Student('李四')
 
#print(stu1+stu2)TypeError: unsupported operand type(s) for +: 'Student' and 'Student'
print(stu1+stu2)#张三李四
#实现了两个对象的加法运算，在类中编写了add特殊的方法
print(len(stu1))#TypeError: object of type 'Student' has no len()
#2   在类中编写了len特殊的方法,return len(self.name)

new / init

class Person(object):
    def __new__(cls, *args, **kwargs): #创建对象
        print('__new__被调用执行了，cls的id值为{0}'.format(id(cls)))     #4864
        obj=super().__new__(cls)
        print('创建的对象的id为：{0}'.format(id(obj)))                  #7264
        return obj
    def __init__(self,name,age):  #对创建的对象初始化
        self.name=name
        self.age=age
        print(' _init__被调用了，self的id为：{0}'.format(id(self)))     #7264
 
print('object id:{0}'.format(id(object)))                             #4048
print('Person id:{0}'.format(id(Person)))                             #4864
p1=Person('三',20)
print('p1 id:{0}'.format(id(p1)))                                     #7264
 
# object id:140709592514048
# Person id:2701662344864
# __new__被调用执行了，cls的id值为2701662344864
# 创建的对象的id为：2701663637264
#  _init__被调用了，self的id为：2701663637264
# p1 id:2701663637264

类的赋值与浅拷贝

#类对象的赋值操作，形成两个变量，实际上还是指向同一个对象
cpu1=CPU()
cpu2=cpu1
print(cpu1)
print(cpu2)
# <__main__.CPU object at 0x0000021A25626FD0>
# <__main__.CPU object at 0x0000021A25626FD0>
 
disk=Disk()
computer=Computer(cpu1,disk)
import copy
computer2=copy.copy(computer) #浅拷贝，对象包含的子对象内容不拷贝
computer3=copy.deepcopy(computer) #深拷贝，递归拷贝对象中包含的子对象
print(computer,computer.cpu,computer.disk)
print(computer2,computer2.cpu,computer2.disk)
print(computer3,computer3.cpu,computer3.disk)
# <__main__.Computer object at 0x000002281D258F70> <__main__.CPU object at 0x000002281D258FD0> <__main__.Disk object at 0x000002281D258FA0>
# <__main__.Computer object at 0x000002281D258820> <__main__.CPU object at 0x000002281D258FD0> <__main__.Disk object at 0x000002281D258FA0>
# <__main__.Computer object at 0x000002281D258730> <__main__.CPU object at 0x000002281D258430> <__main__.Disk object at 0x000002281D258460>

知识点总结