Makefile的使用技巧

Makefile的使用技巧

1、 makefile中的两种变量

Ø         COMPILE=$(CC)$(CFLAGS) -c

在使用COMPILE的时候，CC和CFLAGS才会展开，并且是每次都会展开，所以当定义COMPILE的时候，即使CC和CFLAGS还没有值，都没有关系，只要当使用COMPILE时，CC和CFLAGS有值就可以了。

OBJS=$(wildcard *.o)

OBJS每次在引用的时候，获取目标文件的列表，每一次可能都不同，并且每次计算通配符导致运行速度变慢。

 

Ø         COMPILE=：$(CC)$(CFLAGS) -c

在执行这行后，在使用COMPILE时，其值不会再变化，即使CC和CFLAGS变化了。当然可以显示的赋值给COMPILE来改变其值。

 

2、 使用函数

Ø         wildcard

SRCS := $(wildcard *.c)

获得所有的C文件列表

 

Ø         patsubst

OBJS := $(patsubst %.c,%.o,$( wildcard *.c ))

获得所有c文件对应的o文件列表

 

3、 特殊符号

%.o: %.c         gcc -Wall -c -o $@ $<

将所有的C文件编译成O文件。

 

4、 两种编译方式

Ø         gcc -o myprogram 1.c 2.c

将1.c和2.c编译成myprogram程序。

 

Ø         gcc -c -o 1.o 1.c

将1.c编译成O文件。

 

5、 依赖性计算

gcc -M init.c > init.d

将所有的依赖文件（包括系统文件）写入d文件

gcc -MM init.c > init.d

将不包括系统文件的依赖文件写入d文件

 

6、 智能makefile模板

# Lines starting with the pound sign are comments. # # This is one of two options you might need to tweak.   EXECUTABLE = myprogram   # You can modify the below as well, but probably # won't need to. #   # CC is for the name of the C compiler. CPPFLAGS denotes pre-processor # flags, such as -I options. CFLAGS denotes flags for the C compiler. # CXXFLAGS denotes flags for the C++ compiler. You may add additional # settings here, such as PFLAGS, if you are using other languages such # as Pascal.   CC = gcc CPPFLAGS = CFLAGS = -Wall -O2 CXXFLAGS = $(CFLAGS) COMPILE = $(CC) $(CPPFLAGS) $(CFLAGS) -c   SRCS := $(wildcard *.c) OBJS := $(patsubst %.c,%.o,$(SRCS)) DEPS := $(patsubst %.c,%.d,$(SRCS))   # "all" is the default target. Simply make it point to myprogram.   all: $(EXECUTABLE)   # Define the components of the program, and how to link them together. # These components are defined as dependencies; that is, they must be # made up-to-date before the code is linked.   #最终的二进制程序依赖于d文件和o文件 $(EXECUTABLE): $(DEPS) $(OBJS)          $(CC) -o $(EXECUTABLE) $(OBJS)   # Specify that the dependency files depend on the C source files. #生成d文件，d文件内容包括两行，o文件的依赖关系，d文件的依赖关系 %.d: %.c        $(CC) -M $(CPPFLAGS) $< > $@        $(CC) -M $(CPPFLAGS) $< | sed s///.o/.d/ >> $@   # Specify that all .o files depend on .c files, and indicate how # the .c files are converted (compiled) to the .o files. #由c文件生成o文件 %.o: %.c        $(COMPILE) -o $@ $<   #删除四类文件 clean:        -rm $(OBJS) $(EXECUTABLE) $(DEPS) *~   explain:        @echo "The following information represents your program:"        @echo "Final executable name: $(EXECUTABLE)"        @echo "Source files:     $(SRCS)"        @echo "Object files:     $(OBJS)"        @echo "Dependency files:   $(DEPS)"   depend: $(DEPS)        @echo "Dependencies are now up-to-date."   #将d文件内容导入makefile中 -include $(DEPS)

特点：

Ø         没有出现任何一个具体的文件名

Ø         采用依赖性文件确定依赖关系，并最后通过include将依赖关系导入

Ø         最终的二进制程序，不仅仅依赖于o文件，还依赖于d文件

 

具体见example4

 

7、 级联嵌套makefile

# Lines starting with the pound sign are comments. # # This is one of two options you might need to tweak.   EXECUTABLE = myprogram   # You can modify the below as well, but probably # won't need to. #   # CC is for the name of the C compiler. CPPFLAGS denotes pre-processor # flags, such as -I options. CFLAGS denotes flags for the C compiler. # CXXFLAGS denotes flags for the C++ compiler. You may add additional # settings here, such as PFLAGS, if you are using other languages such # as Pascal.   CC = gcc CPPFLAGS = CFLAGS = -Wall -O2 CXXFLAGS = $(CFLAGS) COMPILE = $(CC) $(CPPFLAGS) $(CFLAGS) -c   SRCS := $(wildcard *.c) OBJS := $(patsubst %.c,%.o,$(SRCS)) DEPS := $(patsubst %.c,%.d,$(SRCS))   DIRS= input format   # "all" is the default target. Simply make it point to myprogram.   all: $(EXECUTABLE)   subdirs:        @for dir in $(DIRS); do $(MAKE) -C $$dir; done   # Define the components of the program, and how to link them together. # These components are defined as dependencies; that is, they must be # made up-to-date before the code is linked.   $(EXECUTABLE): subdirs $(DEPS) $(OBJS)        $(CC) -o $(EXECUTABLE) $(OBJS)   # Specify that the dependency files depend on the C source files.   %.d: %.c        $(CC) -M $(CPPFLAGS) $< > $@        $(CC) -M $(CPPFLAGS) $< | sed s///.o/.d/ >> $@   # Specify that all .o files depend on .c files, and indicate how # the .c files are converted (compiled) to the .o files.   %.o: %.c        $(COMPILE) -o $@ $<   clean:        -rm $(OBJS) $(EXECUTABLE) $(DEPS) *~        @for dir in $(DIRS); do $(MAKE) -C $$dir clean; done   explain:        @echo "The following information represents your program:"        @echo "Final executable name: $(EXECUTABLE)"        @echo "Source files:     $(SRCS)"        @echo "Object files:     $(OBJS)"        @echo "Dependency files:   $(DEPS)"        @echo "Subdictionary: $(DIRS)"   depend: $(DEPS)        @for dir in $(DIRS); do $(MAKE) -C $$dir; done        @echo "Dependencies are now up-to-date."   -include $(DEPS)

这是顶层makefile相对于标准智能模板进行的修改，input和format中的makefile为标准的模块。