requests 安装
$ pip install requests
$ easy_install requests
get请求
- 使用response.text 时,Requests 会基于 HTTP 响应的文本编码自动解码响应内容,大多数 Unicode 字符集都能被无缝地解码。
- 使用response.content 时,返回的是服务器响应数据的原始二进制字节流,可以用来保存图片等二进制文件。
- 发送带参数的请求
import requests
kw = {'wd':'长城'}
headers = {
"User-Agent": "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/54.0.2840.99 Safari/537.36"}
response = requests.get("http://www.baidu.com/s?", params = kw, headers = headers)
print (response.text)
print (respones.content)
print (response.url)
print (response.encoding)
print (response.status_code)
print(response.request.headers)
response.text乱码问题
- 当收到一个响应时,requests 会猜测响应的编码方式,用于在你调用response.text方法时对响应进行解码。
- requests 首先在 http 头部检测是否存在指定的编码方式,如果不存在,则会使用 chardet.detect来尝试猜测编码方式(存在误差)
- 更推荐使用response.content.deocde()
post请求
import requests
formdata = {
"type":"AUTO",
"i":"i love python",
"doctype":"json",
"xmlVersion":"1.8",
"keyfrom":"fanyi.web",
"ue":"UTF-8",
"action":"FY_BY_ENTER",
"typoResult":"true"
}
url = "http://fanyi.youdao.com/translate?smartresult=dict&smartresult=rule&smartresult=ugc&sessionFrom=null"
headers={
"User-Agent": "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/51.0.2704.103 Safari/537.36"}
response = requests.post(url, data = formdata, headers = headers)
print (response.text)
print (response.json())
设置proxy
- 普通代理
import requests
proxies = {
"http": "http://12.34.56.79:9527",
"https": "http://12.34.56.79:9527",
}
response = requests.get("http://www.baidu.com", proxies = proxies)
print(response.text)
也可以通过本地环境变量 HTTP_PROXY 和 HTTPS_PROXY 来配置代理:
export HTTP_PROXY="http://12.34.56.79:9527"
export HTTPS_PROXY="https://12.34.56.79:9527"
- 特殊格式代理
proxy = { "http": "mr_mao_hacker:sffqry9r@61.158.163.130:16816" }
response = requests.get("http://www.baidu.com", proxies = proxy)
- 客户端验证代理
auth=('test', '123456')
response = requests.get('http://192.168.199.107', auth = auth)
获取cookies
response = requests.get("http://www.baidu.com/")
cookiejar = response.cookies
cookiedict = requests.utils.dict_from_cookiejar(cookiejar)
print (cookiejar)
print (cookiedict)
使用Session
- 在requests里Session代表一次用户会话:从客户端浏览器连接服务器开始,到客户端浏览器与服务器断开。
- 会话能让我们在跨请求时候保持某些参数,比如在同一个 Session 实例发出的所有请求之间保持 cookie 。
- 可以使用Session对象请求登录, 然后携带cookies请求其他个人信息页面
ssion = requests.session()
headers = {"User-Agent": "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/54.0.2840.99 Safari/537.36"}
data = {"email":"mr_mao_hacker@163.com", "password":"alarmchime"}
ssion.post("http://www.renren.com/PLogin.do", data = data)
response = ssion.get("http://www.renren.com/410043129/profile")
print (response.text)
SSL证书验证 verify参数
- 当请求的页面报出如下错误说明网站的ssl证书有问题
SSLError: ("bad handshake: Error([('SSL routines', 'ssl3_get_server_certificate', 'certificate verify failed')],)",)
r = requests.get("https://www.12306.cn/mormhweb/", verify = False)
常用方法
reqeusts.util.dict_from_cookiejar()
requests.get(url,cookies={})
response = requests.get("https://www.12306.cn/mormhweb/ ", verify=False)
response = requests.get(url,1)
assert response.status_code == 200
requests.utils.unquote(img_url)