1.1原型链(实例化 new 对象继承)

继承模式：原型链继承

    JavaScript中的每个函数中都有一个名为prototype的对象属性。该函数被new 操作符调用是会创建出一个对象，并且该对象中会有一个指向原型对象的秘密链接（_proto_）。我们就可以在新建的对象中调用相关原型对象的方法和属性。

function Shape(){
    this.name = 'shape';
    this.toString = function(){
        return this.name;
    };
}
function TwoDShape(){
    this.name = '2D shape';
}
function Triangle(side,height){
    this.name = 'Triangle';
    this.side = side;
    this.height = height;
    this.getArea = function(){
        return this.side * this.height
    };
}
TwoDShape.prototype = new Shape();
Triangle.prototype = new TwoDShape();
TwoDShape.prototype.constructor = TwoDShape;       //必须  消除原型链的陷阱
Triangle.prototype.constructor = Triangle;           //必须  消除原型链的陷阱

var my = new Triangle(5,10);
my.getArea();             //25
my.toString();            //"Triangle"

var s = new Shape();
s.name;                 //"shape"

console.log(my instanceof Shape);   //true
console.log(my instanceof TwoDShape);   //true
console.log(my instanceof Triangle);    //true

console.log(Shape.prototype.isPrototypeOf(my));  //true
console.log(TwoDShape.prototype.isPrototypeOf(my));  //true
console.log(Triangle.prototype.isPrototypeOf(my));  //true