协程

1.coroutine

Translation:
routine例程
coroutine协程
subroutine子例程

Concept:
allowing multiple entry points for suspending and resuming execution at certain locations

Naming from:
coroutine (cooperative routine), for implementing cooperative tasks

Coroutine
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coroutine

Revisiting Coroutines
http://www.inf.puc-rio.br/~roberto/docs/MCC15-04.pdf

协程
http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%8F%E7%A8%8B

2.Comparison with subroutines

“Subroutines are special cases of … coroutines.” –Donald Knuth.

子例程只有一个入口点且只返回一次且返回到其调用者，而协程允许多个入口点且可以跳出多次且不一定返回到调用者

3.Implementation

Coroutines are best implemented using continuations.

4.协程与用户态线程的区别

协程的真正意义在于例程的调出调入。用于实现协作式的例程切换。这种例程可用于与异步机制配合解决阻塞调用问题。

协程只是负责用户态线程实现当中的线程切换的实现。

用户态线程不一定用到协程，任务队列+线程/线程池也是用户态线程，只是不能切换，比如scala的actor
另外，erlang的轻量机进程是虚拟机实现的

用户线程也不一定都是协作式调度策略，比如erlang的轮转调度策略，go 1.2后具有简单抢占机制的调度策略

5.coroutine的分类

对称（ symmetric）协程

var q := new queue
coroutine produce
    loop
        while q is not full
            create some new items
            add the items to q
        switch to consume
coroutine consume
    loop
        while q is not empty
            remove some items from q
            use the items
        switch to produce

非对称协程（ asymmetric coroutines）

var q := new queue
generator produce
    loop
        while q is not full
            create some new items
            add the items to q
        yield consume
generator consume
    loop
        while q is not empty
            remove some items from q
            use the items
        yield produce
subroutine dispatcher
    var d := new dictionary(generator → iterator)
    d[produce] := start produce
    d[consume] := start consume
    var current := produce
    loop
        current := next d[current]

6.common use

implementing more familiar program components such as cooperative tasks, exceptions, event loop, iterators, infinite lists and pipes.

State machines within a single subroutine
Actor model of concurrency
Generators
Communicating sequential processes

Producer / consumer patterns
Multiplexed I/O

7.Languages with native support
F# Ruby Pascal Go Scheme Haskell Perl C# PHP Javascript Tcl Python Stackless_python Lua Rubby Simula Cilkplus
Erlang

9. C/C++的coroutine

参看http://blog.csdn.net/cadem/article/details/48653553

10.Java coroutine

10.1. kilim

11.Lua的coroutine

Lua语言实现的协程是一种非对称式 (asymmetric)协程，或称半对称式(semi-symmetric)协程，又或干脆就叫半协程(semi-coroutine)。

12.Python的coroutine

Greenlet – python下著名的协程库
gevent – using greenlet 的并发模型/网络库
eventlet 基于greenlet的并发模型/网络库

Stackless python

Greenlet