MIT differential equation---4

Separation variables and std linear form methods are the only two general methods for first-order ODE, sadly.

They may not be able to solve all equations.

Introduce substitute method, by which you substitute the variable so that you can use  the two general methods.

Scaling: most-commonly used technique that I'm not aware of. ex: unit conversion.    X = MXo

1.change of coordinates

2.make variable dimensionless

3.reduce or simplify constants

Ex: another temp cons. model: dT/dt = k(M^4 - T^4).   let T = MT1. 

T1 is then dimensionless and K is in the unit of t^-1

(try you best not to skip. some steps may look trivial but it's easier to debug:-})

Direct / Inverse substitution

Direct: new variable to a group of old variables

Inverse: old variables to a new variable

integral(x v'''''(1-x^2))   use direct substitution : u = 1-x^2

integral(v'''''(1-x^2) )use inverse substitution: x = cos(u)

(good remainder of calculus knowledge)

In general, for differential equation:

y' = p(x) y + q(x) y^n  (n != 0 && 1, which means cannot use two general methods)

1. divide both sides by y^n

y'/pow(y,n) = p(x) / pow(y,n-1) + q(x)

2. let new variable v = 1 / pow(y,n-1)

v' = (1 - n) pow(y, -n) y'

3. substitute y by v

1 / (1-n)    v' = p(x) v + q(x)

(learn methods! not finalized formula

homogeneous ODE

X = aX; Y = aY . That's why it's called invariant under zoom. You can span the axis equally.

dY/dX = F(Y/X)

First of all, you would like to introduce a new variable Z and let Z = Y /X;

Ok, pretty good so far, and then take the derivative of of Z.

Uhh, wait, you take the derivative of Z and get a few long terms and then what?

It's smarter here to use inverse substitution. (Focus on the STUFF you want to substitute. you have to admit math people are smarter)

第四节课上完，开始做题，学习不做题的都是耍流氓！