Handler线程通信机制。

Handler在Android中起到至关重要的作用， 主要体现在线程通信， 来更新UI界面。

1.使用方式

package com.example.alldemo;

import android.app.Activity;
import android.app.ActionBar;
import android.app.Fragment;
import android.os.Bundle;
import android.os.Handler;
import android.os.Message;
import android.view.LayoutInflater;
import android.view.Menu;
import android.view.MenuItem;
import android.view.View;
import android.view.ViewGroup;
import android.os.Build;

public class MainActivity extends Activity {
	
	private Handler handler = new Handler(){

		@Override
		public void handleMessage(Message msg) {
			super.handleMessage(msg);
			//这里更新界面
		}
		
	};

	@Override
	protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
		super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
		setContentView(R.layout.activity_main);
		new Thread(new Runnable() {
			
			@Override
			public void run() {
				Message message = Message.obtain();   //这里获取已经存在的消息， 不要自己实例化。
				handler.sendMessage(message);
			}
		});
	}

}

2. 原理

package android.os;

import android.util.Log;
import android.util.Printer;
import android.util.PrefixPrinter;


public class Looper {
    private static final String TAG = "Looper";

    // sThreadLocal.get() will return null unless you've called prepare().
    static final ThreadLocal<Looper> sThreadLocal = new ThreadLocal<Looper>();

    final MessageQueue mQueue;
    final Thread mThread;
    volatile boolean mRun;

    private Printer mLogging = null;
    private static Looper mMainLooper = null;  // guarded by Looper.class

     /** 
      * 给当前线程设置一个局部变量Looper。每个线程只能设置一个Looper
      */
    public static void prepare() {
        if (sThreadLocal.get() != null) {
            throw new RuntimeException("Only one Looper may be created per thread");
        }
        sThreadLocal.set(new Looper());
    }

    public static void prepareMainLooper() {
        prepare();
        setMainLooper(myLooper());
        myLooper().mQueue.mQuitAllowed = false;
    }

    private Looper() {
        mQueue = new MessageQueue();
        mRun = true;
        mThread = Thread.currentThread();
    }

}

 1.首先使用handle需要在当前线程中执行Looper.prepare()，作用是给当前线程初始化消息队列。

    那这里有个疑问， 为什么在UI线程中为什么不先初始化就能使用， 这个是因为在底层源码中系统已经调用了。

   下面是ActivityThread的main方法中的代码

public static final void main(String[] args) {
        SamplingProfilerIntegration.start();

        Process.setArgV0("<pre-initialized>");

        Looper.prepareMainLooper();  //这里执行的prepare
        if (sMainThreadHandler == null) {
            sMainThreadHandler = new Handler();
        }

        ActivityThread thread = new ActivityThread();
        thread.attach(false);

        if (false) {
            Looper.myLooper().setMessageLogging(new
                    LogPrinter(Log.DEBUG, "ActivityThread"));
        }

        Looper.loop(); //这里loop

        if (Process.supportsProcesses()) {
            throw new RuntimeException("Main thread loop unexpectedly exited");
        }

        thread.detach();
        String name = (thread.mInitialApplication != null)
            ? thread.mInitialApplication.getPackageName()
            : "<unknown>";
        Slog.i(TAG, "Main thread of " + name + " is now exiting");
    }
}

2. 就是发送消息，说的更明白点就是将消息加入消息队列里。

public boolean sendMessageAtTime(Message msg, long uptimeMillis)
    {
        boolean sent = false;
        MessageQueue queue = mQueue;
        if (queue != null) {
            msg.target = this;  //msg.target 就是handler自己
            sent = queue.enqueueMessage(msg, uptimeMillis);
        }
        else {
            RuntimeException e = new RuntimeException(
                this + " sendMessageAtTime() called with no mQueue");
            Log.w("Looper", e.getMessage(), e);
        }
        return sent;
    }

这一块是加入消息队列以后按时间排序

final boolean enqueueMessage(Message msg, long when) {
        if (msg.isInUse()) {
            throw new AndroidRuntimeException(msg
                    + " This message is already in use.");
        }
        if (msg.target == null && !mQuitAllowed) {
            throw new RuntimeException("Main thread not allowed to quit");
        }
        final boolean needWake;
        synchronized (this) {
            if (mQuiting) {
                RuntimeException e = new RuntimeException(
                    msg.target + " sending message to a Handler on a dead thread");
                Log.w("MessageQueue", e.getMessage(), e);
                return false;
            } else if (msg.target == null) {
                mQuiting = true;
            }

            msg.when = when;
            //Log.d("MessageQueue", "Enqueing: " + msg);
            Message p = mMessages;
            if (p == null || when == 0 || when < p.when) {
                msg.next = p;
                mMessages = msg;
                needWake = mBlocked; // new head, might need to wake up
            } else {
                Message prev = null;
                while (p != null && p.when <= when) {
                    prev = p;
                    p = p.next;
                }
                msg.next = prev.next;
                prev.next = msg;
                needWake = false; // still waiting on head, no need to wake up
            }
        }
        if (needWake) {
            nativeWake(mPtr);
        }
        return true;
    }

3. 最后一步就是Looper.loop() 。为什么ui线程中没有，请见上面的源码。

public static void loop() {
        Looper me = myLooper();
        if (me == null) {
            throw new RuntimeException("No Looper; Looper.prepare() wasn't called on this thread.");
        }
        MessageQueue queue = me.mQueue;
        
        // Make sure the identity of this thread is that of the local process,
        // and keep track of what that identity token actually is.
        Binder.clearCallingIdentity();
        final long ident = Binder.clearCallingIdentity();
        
        while (true) {
            Message msg = queue.next(); // might block
            if (msg != null) {
                if (msg.target == null) {
                    // No target is a magic identifier for the quit message.
                    return;
                }

                long wallStart = 0;
                long threadStart = 0;

                // This must be in a local variable, in case a UI event sets the logger
                Printer logging = me.mLogging;
                if (logging != null) {
                    logging.println(">>>>> Dispatching to " + msg.target + " " +
                            msg.callback + ": " + msg.what);
                    wallStart = SystemClock.currentTimeMicro();
                    threadStart = SystemClock.currentThreadTimeMicro();
                }

                msg.target.dispatchMessage(msg);

                if (logging != null) {
                    long wallTime = SystemClock.currentTimeMicro() - wallStart;
                    long threadTime = SystemClock.currentThreadTimeMicro() - threadStart;

                    logging.println("<<<<< Finished to " + msg.target + " " + msg.callback);
                    if (logging instanceof Profiler) {
                        ((Profiler) logging).profile(msg, wallStart, wallTime,
                                threadStart, threadTime);
                    }
                }

                // Make sure that during the course of dispatching the
                // identity of the thread wasn't corrupted.
                final long newIdent = Binder.clearCallingIdentity();
                if (ident != newIdent) {
                    Log.wtf(TAG, "Thread identity changed from 0x"
                            + Long.toHexString(ident) + " to 0x"
                            + Long.toHexString(newIdent) + " while dispatching to "
                            + msg.target.getClass().getName() + " "
                            + msg.callback + " what=" + msg.what);
                }
                
                msg.recycle();//这里回收消息， 所以使用的时候使用回收的就行。
            }
        }
    }

循环依次取出Message， 然后执行 msg.target.dispatchMessage(msg); msg.targer 就是handler。

/**
     * Handle system messages here.
     */
    public void dispatchMessage(Message msg) {
        if (msg.callback != null) {
            handleCallback(msg);
        } else {
            if (mCallback != null) {
                if (mCallback.handleMessage(msg)) {
                    return;
                }
            }
            handleMessage(msg);
        }
    }

最后是调用了handleMessage（）。