在微服务架构中,为了解决单点故障以及高并发的情况,会引入负载均衡机制,以提升服务整体的可用性。一般负载均衡分为服务端负载均衡和客户端负载均衡。其中,springcloud生态中通过Ribbon组件来实现客户端负载均衡。
1.负载均衡策略
1.RandomRule(随机策略)
2.RoundRobinRule(轮询策略)
3.RetryRule(重试策略)
4.BestAvailableRule(最低并发策略)
5.ResponseTimeWeightedRule(响应时间加权策略)
6.ZoneAvoidanceRule(区域权衡策略)
其中最常用的两种策略是RandomRule和RoundRobinRule两种策略。接下来的示例讲解将会用实例来讲解这两种负载均衡策略。
2.示例讲解
本示例通过讲述老师微服务作为服务消费者,学生服务作为服务提供者。同时以Eureka作为注册中心。
2.1microservice-eureka工程
1.pom文件
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<project xmlns="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xsi:schemaLocation="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0 https://maven.apache.org/xsd/maven-4.0.0.xsd">
<modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion>
<parent>
<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-boot-starter-parent</artifactId>
<version>2.1.6.RELEASE</version>
<relativePath/> <!-- lookup parent from repository -->
</parent>
<groupId>com.carson</groupId>
<artifactId>microservice-eureka</artifactId>
<version>0.0.1-SNAPSHOT</version>
<name>microservice-eureka</name>
<description>Demo project for Spring Boot</description>
<properties>
<java.version>1.8</java.version>
<spring-cloud.version>Greenwich.SR2</spring-cloud.version>
</properties>
<dependencies>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework.cloud</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-cloud-starter</artifactId>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework.cloud</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-cloud-starter-netflix-eureka-server</artifactId>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-boot-devtools</artifactId>
<scope>runtime</scope>
<optional>true</optional>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-boot-starter-test</artifactId>
<scope>test</scope>
</dependency>
</dependencies>
<dependencyManagement>
<dependencies>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework.cloud</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-cloud-dependencies</artifactId>
<version>${spring-cloud.version}</version>
<type>pom</type>
<scope>import</scope>
</dependency>
</dependencies>
</dependencyManagement>
<build>
<plugins>
<plugin>
<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-boot-maven-plugin</artifactId>
</plugin>
</plugins>
</build>
</project>
2.application.yml
server:
port: 8761
eureka:
client:
registerWithEureka: false #表示是否注册到Eureka Server
fetchRegistry: false #是否从Eureka Server获取注册信息,集群的时候选择true,单点选择false
serviceUrl:
defaultZone: http://localhost:8761/eureka/
3.启动类
import org.springframework.boot.SpringApplication;
import org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.SpringBootApplication;
import org.springframework.cloud.netflix.eureka.server.EnableEurekaServer;
@SpringBootApplication
@EnableEurekaServer
public class MicroserviceEurekaApplication {
public static void main(String[] args) {
SpringApplication.run(MicroserviceEurekaApplication.class, args);
}
}
2.2 microservice-student工程
服务提供者与服务消费者一文中的microservice-student工程,其中application.yml文件修改为如下:
server:
port: 8085
spring:
application:
name: microservice-student
jpa:
generate-ddl: false
show-sql: true
hibernate:
ddl-auto: none
datasource:
platform: h2
schema: classpath:schema.sql
data: classpath:data.sql
eureka:
client:
serviceUrl:
defaultZone: http://localhost:8761/eureka/ #Eureka Server
instance:
prefer-ip-address: true #将自己的ip注册到Eureka Server上
logging:
level:
root: INFO
org.hibernate: INFO
org.hibernate.type.descriptor.sql.BasicBinder: TRACE
org.hibernate.type.descriptor.sql.BasicExtractor: TRACE
2.3 microservice-teacher工程
1.pom文件
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<project xmlns="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xsi:schemaLocation="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0 https://maven.apache.org/xsd/maven-4.0.0.xsd">
<modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion>
<parent>
<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-boot-starter-parent</artifactId>
<version>2.1.6.RELEASE</version>
<relativePath/> <!-- lookup parent from repository -->
</parent>
<groupId>com.carson</groupId>
<artifactId>microservice-teacher</artifactId>
<version>0.0.1-SNAPSHOT</version>
<name>microservice-teacher</name>
<description>Demo project for Spring Boot</description>
<properties>
<java.version>1.8</java.version>
<spring-cloud.version>Greenwich.SR2</spring-cloud.version>
</properties>
<dependencies>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-boot-starter-data-jpa</artifactId>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework.cloud</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-cloud-starter-netflix-eureka-client</artifactId>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework.cloud</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-cloud-starter-netflix-ribbon</artifactId>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>com.h2database</groupId>
<artifactId>h2</artifactId>
<scope>runtime</scope>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-boot-starter-web</artifactId>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework.cloud</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-cloud-starter</artifactId>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-boot-devtools</artifactId>
<scope>runtime</scope>
<optional>true</optional>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-boot-starter-test</artifactId>
<scope>test</scope>
</dependency>
</dependencies>
<dependencyManagement>
<dependencies>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework.cloud</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-cloud-dependencies</artifactId>
<version>${spring-cloud.version}</version>
<type>pom</type>
<scope>import</scope>
</dependency>
</dependencies>
</dependencyManagement>
<build>
<plugins>
<plugin>
<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-boot-maven-plugin</artifactId>
</plugin>
</plugins>
</build>
</project>
2.application.yml
server:
port: 8099
spring:
application:
name: microservice-teacher
eureka:
client:
serviceUrl:
defaultZone: http://localhost:8761/eureka/ #Eureka Server
instance:
prefer-ip-address: true #将自己的ip注册到Eureka Server上
microservice-student:
ribbon:
NFLoadBalancerRuleClassName: com.netflix.loadbalancer.RoundRobinRule
3.pojo类
public class Student {
private Long studentid;
private String studentname;
private String grade;
private Integer age;
private String sex;
public Long getStudentid() {
return studentid;
}
public void setStudentid(Long studentid) {
this.studentid = studentid;
}
public String getStudentname() {
return studentname;
}
public void setStudentname(String studentname) {
this.studentname = studentname;
}
public String getGrade() {
return grade;
}
public void setGrade(String grade) {
this.grade = grade;
}
public Integer getAge() {
return age;
}
public void setAge(Integer age) {
this.age = age;
}
public String getSex() {
return sex;
}
public void setSex(String sex) {
this.sex = sex;
}
}
4.controller类
@RestController
public class TeacherController {
private static final Logger logger = (Logger) LoggerFactory.getLogger(TeacherController.class);
@LoadBalanced
@Autowired
private RestTemplate restTemplate;
@Autowired
private LoadBalancerClient loadBalancerClient;
@RequestMapping(value = "/student/{studentid}",method = RequestMethod.GET)
public Student findStudentInfo(@PathVariable Long studentid){
logUserInstance();
return this.restTemplate.getForObject("http://microservice-student/"+studentid,Student.class);
}
@RequestMapping(value = "/log-student-instance",method = RequestMethod.GET)
public void logUserInstance(){
ServiceInstance serviceInstance = this.loadBalancerClient.choose("microservice-student");
System.out.println("serviceId:"+serviceInstance.getServiceId()+" host:"+serviceInstance.getHost()+" port:"+serviceInstance.getPort());
TeacherController.logger.info("{}:{}:{}",serviceInstance.getServiceId(),serviceInstance.getHost(),serviceInstance.getPort());
}
}
5.启动类
@SpringBootApplication
public class MicroserviceTeacherApplication {
@Bean
@LoadBalanced
public RestTemplate restTemplate(){
return new RestTemplate();
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
SpringApplication.run(MicroserviceTeacherApplication.class, args);
}
}
2.4 运行服务
首先启动microservice-eureka服务,作为服务注册中心。然后启动三个microservice-student实例,端口分别为8088、8085、8086,最后启动microservice-teacher服务。打开链接http://localhost:8761/ 可以看到下图所示的服务列表:
由microservice-teacher工程中 application.yml文件可以看出使用的RoundRobinRule策略,轮询策略,那么在浏览器输入以下url:http://localhost:8099/student/10001,并且多次访问,得到如下结果:
修改microservice-teacher工程的application.xml ,将策略修改为RandomRule,然后重启该工程,在浏览器中多次请求:http://localhost:8099/student/10001,得到下图结果。
通过以上示例可以知道,负载均衡策略机制的用处,一个服务多个实例,使用负载均衡机制,可以有削峰的作用,避免单点故障。