c++11 regex

c++ regex 库，通过 #include <regex>来使用，是c++11标准引入的功能。

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regex 库提供三个最基本的正则表达式函数

regex_match    ->  完全匹配

regex_search    -> 局部匹配

regex_replace  -> 匹配后替换

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regex 有几个基本的类（其实都是模板类） ：

basic_regex        ->    存储正则表达式
match_results      ->    存储匹配结果们
    sub_match        ->   一个独立的比对结果，可以无感觉转化为字符串
regex_iterator    ->  迭代执行regex_search的语法糖

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basic_regex 通过传入正则表达式来构建，默认是ECMAScript格式，也支持其他的比如POSIX 格式，grep 格式等，其他格式需要通过第二个参数指定就是。

// explicit basic_regex ( const charT* str, flag_type flags = ECMAScript );
std::regex seventh ("[0-9A-Z]+", std::regex::ECMAScript);

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match_results 存储匹配结果（也就是n个sub_match)，如果匹配失败，就是空的，否则，数组的第0位置是完整的匹配原始字符串，从第一位开始依序是每一个匹配块。

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regex_match , 必须是 正则表达式完整的匹配了整个字符串才行

// regex_match example
#include <iostream>
#include <string>
#include <regex>

int main ()
{

  if (std::regex_match ("subject", std::regex("(sub)(.*)") ))
    std::cout << "string literal matched\n";

  const char cstr[] = "subject";
  std::string s ("subject");
  std::regex e ("(sub)(.*)");

  if (std::regex_match (s,e))
    std::cout << "string object matched\n";

  if ( std::regex_match ( s.begin(), s.end(), e ) )
    std::cout << "range matched\n";

  std::cmatch cm;    // same as std::match_results<const char*> cm;
  std::regex_match (cstr,cm,e);
  std::cout << "string literal with " << cm.size() << " matches\n";

  std::smatch sm;    // same as std::match_results<string::const_iterator> sm;
  std::regex_match (s,sm,e);
  std::cout << "string object with " << sm.size() << " matches\n";

  std::regex_match ( s.cbegin(), s.cend(), sm, e);
  std::cout << "range with " << sm.size() << " matches\n";

  // using explicit flags:
  std::regex_match ( cstr, cm, e, std::regex_constants::match_default );

  std::cout << "the matches were: ";
  for (unsigned i=0; i<cm.size(); ++i) {
    std::cout << "[" << cm[i] << "] ";
  }

  std::cout << std::endl;

  return 0;
}

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regex_search 只找到第一个局部匹配，不匹配的部分存储在match_results的prefix和suffix变量中，因此可以方便的迭代匹配。

// regex_search example
#include <iostream>
#include <string>
#include <regex>

int main ()
{
  std::string s ("this subject has a submarine as a subsequence");
  std::smatch m;
  std::regex e ("\\b(sub)([^ ]*)");   // matches words beginning by "sub"

  std::cout << "Target sequence: " << s << std::endl;
  std::cout << "Regular expression: /\\b(sub)([^ ]*)/" << std::endl;
  std::cout << "The following matches and submatches were found:" << std::endl;

  while (std::regex_search (s,m,e)) {
    for (auto x:m) std::cout << x << " ";
    std::cout << std::endl;
    s = m.suffix().str();
  }


  return 0;
}

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regex_iterator 在字符串上迭代进行regex_search

// regex_iterator constructor
#include <iostream>
#include <string>
#include <regex>

int main ()
{
  std::string s ("this subject has a submarine as a subsequence");
  std::regex e ("\\b(sub)([^ ]*)");   // matches words beginning by "sub"

  std::regex_iterator<std::string::iterator> rit ( s.begin(), s.end(), e );
  std::regex_iterator<std::string::iterator> rend;

  while (rit!=rend) {
    std::cout << rit->str() << std::endl;
    ++rit;
  }

  return 0;
}

---

regex_replace 进行替换

// regex_replace example
#include <iostream>
#include <string>
#include <regex>
#include <iterator>

int main ()
{
  std::string s ("there is a subsequence in the string\n");
  std::regex e ("\\b(sub)([^ ]*)");   // matches words beginning by "sub"

  // using string/c-string (3) version:
  std::cout << std::regex_replace (s,e,"sub-$2");

  // using range/c-string (6) version:
  std::string result;
  std::regex_replace (std::back_inserter(result), s.begin(), s.end(), e, "$2");
  std::cout << result;

  // with flags:
  std::cout << std::regex_replace (s,e,"$1 and $2",std::regex_constants::format_no_copy);
  std::cout << std::endl;

  return 0;
}

注意被替换的fmt可以如下设计

参考：http://www.cplusplus.com/reference/regex/