Spring学习第五天：配置bean-自动装配

XML 配置里的 Bean 自动装配

Spring IOC 容器可以自动装配 Bean. 需要做的仅仅是在 < bean> 的 autowire 属性里指定自动装配的模式。Spring自动装配共有两种方式。
- byType(根据类型自动装配): 若 IOC 容器中有多个与目标 Bean 类型一致的 Bean. 在这种情况下, Spring 将无法判定哪个 Bean 最合适该属性, 所以不能执行自动装配.
- byName(根据名称自动装配): 必须将目标 Bean 的名称和属性名设置的完全相同.
- constructor(通过构造器自动装配): 当 Bean 中存在多个构造器时, 此种自动装配方式将会很复杂. 不推荐使用

我们先对之前的学习做一个总结。
新建一个类Car

public class Car {
    private String brand;
    private double price;
    public String getBrand() {
        return brand;
    }
    public void setBrand(String brand) {
        this.brand = brand;
    }
    public double getPrice() {
        return price;
    }
    public void setPrice(double price) {
        this.price = price;
    }
    @Override
    public String toString() {
        return "Car [brand=" + brand + ", price=" + price + "]";
    }   
}

新建一个类Addres

public class Address {
    private String city;
    private String street;
    public String getCity() {
        return city;
    }
    public void setCity(String city) {
        this.city = city;
    }
    public String getStreet() {
        return street;
    }
    public void setStreet(String street) {
        this.street = street;
    }
    @Override
    public String toString() {
        return "Address [city=" + city + ", street=" + street + "]";
    }
}

新建一个类Person

public class Person {
    private String name;
    private Address address;
    private Car car;
    public String getName() {
        return name;
    }
    public void setName(String name) {
        this.name = name;
    }
    public Address getAddress() {
        return address;
    }
    public void setAddress(Address address) {
        this.address = address;
    }
    public Car getCar() {
        return car;
    }
    public void setCar(Car car) {
        this.car = car;
    }
    @Override
    public String toString() {
        return "Person [name=" + name + ", address=" + address + ", car=" + car + "]";
    }
}

新建bean-autowire.xm配置文件

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:p="http://www.springframework.org/schema/p"
xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans.xsd">
<bean id="address" class="com.atguigu.spring.beans.autowire.Address" p:city="BeiJing" p:street="HuiLongGuan"/>
<bean id="car" class="com.atguigu.spring.beans.autowire.Car" p:brand="Audi" p:price="300000"/>
<bean id="person" class="com.atguigu.spring.beans.autowire.Person" p:name="Tom" p:address-ref="address" p:car-ref="car"></bean>
</beans>

调用Bean

ApplicationContext ctx = new ClassPathXmlApplicationContext("beans-autowire.xml");
Person person = ctx.getBean(Person.class);
System.out.println(person);

输出结果：

Person [name=Tom, address=Address [city=BeiJing, street=HuiLongGuan], car=Car [brand=Audi, price=300000.0]]

现在我们开始使用自动装配
将上面的配置文件的person做修改：

<bean id="person" class="com.atguigu.spring.beans.autowire.Person" p:name="Tom" autowire="byName"></bean>

输出结果如下：

Person [name=Tom, address=Address [city=BeiJing, street=HuiLongGuan], car=Car [brand=Audi, price=300000.0]]

再做一个修改

<bean id="address2" class="com.atguigu.spring.beans.autowire.Address" p:city="BeiJing" p:street="HuiLongGuan"/>
<bean id="car" class="com.atguigu.spring.beans.autowire.Car" p:brand="Audi" p:price="300000"/>
<bean id="person" class="com.atguigu.spring.beans.autowire.Person" p:name="Tom" autowire="byName"></bean>

输出结果：

Person [name=Tom, address=null, car=Car [brand=Audi, price=300000.0]]

结合上面的两个例子，可以使用autowire属性指定自动装配的方式，byName 根据bean的名字和当前bean的setter 风格的属性名进行自动装配，若有匹配的，则进行自动装配，如果没有匹配，则不装配。

所以在最后一个例子中，address并没有找打相应的bean，address2无法被装配到address，所以输出结果中的address为null

再做一个修改：

<bean id="address2" class="com.atguigu.spring.beans.autowire.Address" p:city="BeiJing" p:street="HuiLongGuan"/>
<bean id="car" class="com.atguigu.spring.beans.autowire.Car" p:brand="Audi" p:price="300000"/>
<bean id="person" class="com.atguigu.spring.beans.autowire.Person" p:name="Tom" autowire="byType"></bean>

输出结果：

Person [name=Tom, address=Address [city=BeiJing, street=HuiLongGuan], car=Car [brand=Audi, price=300000.0]]

可见，byType可以根据bean的类型和当前Bean的属性的类型进行自动装配

但是byType有一个问题：如果IOC容器中有一个以上的类型被匹配，则抛异常
XML如下：

<bean id="address" class="com.atguigu.spring.beans.autowire.Address" p:city="Zhejiang" p:street="HangZhou"/>
<bean id="address2" class="com.atguigu.spring.beans.autowire.Address" p:city="BeiJing" p:street="HuiLongGuan"/>
<bean id="car" class="com.atguigu.spring.beans.autowire.Car" p:brand="Audi" p:price="300000"/>
<bean id="person" class="com.atguigu.spring.beans.autowire.Person" p:name="Tom" autowire="byType"></bean>

编译时出现如下Error

Exception in thread "main" org.springframework.beans.factory.UnsatisfiedDependencyException: Error creating bean with name 'person' defined in class path resource [beans-autowire.xml]: Unsatisfied dependency expressed through bean property 'address': : No qualifying bean of type [com.atguigu.spring.beans.autowire.Address] is defined: expected single matching bean but found 2: address,address2; nested exception is org.springframework.beans.factory.NoUniqueBeanDefinitionException: No qualifying bean of type [com.atguigu.spring.beans.autowire.Address] is defined: expected single matching bean but found 2: address,address2
at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.AbstractAutowireCapableBeanFactory.autowireByType(AbstractAutowireCapableBeanFactory.java:1278)
at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.AbstractAutowireCapableBeanFactory.populateBean(AbstractAutowireCapableBeanFactory.java:1170)
at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.AbstractAutowireCapableBeanFactory.doCreateBean(AbstractAutowireCapableBeanFactory.java:537)
at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.AbstractAutowireCapableBeanFactory.createBean(AbstractAutowireCapableBeanFactory.java:475)
at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.AbstractBeanFactory$1.getObject(AbstractBeanFactory.java:304)
at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.DefaultSingletonBeanRegistry.getSingleton(DefaultSingletonBeanRegistry.java:228)
at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.AbstractBeanFactory.doGetBean(AbstractBeanFactory.java:300)
at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.AbstractBeanFactory.getBean(AbstractBeanFactory.java:195)
at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.DefaultListableBeanFactory.preInstantiateSingletons(DefaultListableBeanFactory.java:700)
at org.springframework.context.support.AbstractApplicationContext.finishBeanFactoryInitialization(AbstractApplicationContext.java:760)
at org.springframework.context.support.AbstractApplicationContext.refresh(AbstractApplicationContext.java:482)
at org.springframework.context.support.ClassPathXmlApplicationContext.<init>(ClassPathXmlApplicationContext.java:139)
at org.springframework.context.support.ClassPathXmlApplicationContext.<init>(ClassPathXmlApplicationContext.java:83)
at com.atguigu.spring.beans.autowire.Main.main(Main.java:9)
Caused by: org.springframework.beans.factory.NoUniqueBeanDefinitionException: No qualifying bean of type [com.atguigu.spring.beans.autowire.Address] is defined: expected single matching bean but found 2: address,address2
at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.DefaultListableBeanFactory.doResolveDependency(DefaultListableBeanFactory.java:967)
at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.DefaultListableBeanFactory.resolveDependency(DefaultListableBeanFactory.java:855)
at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.AbstractAutowireCapableBeanFactory.autowireByType(AbstractAutowireCapableBeanFactory.java:1263)
... 13 more

因为类型不是唯一的，有address和address2，所以Spring不知道该装配哪一个。

XML 配置里的 Bean 自动装配的缺点
在 Bean 配置文件里设置 autowire 属性进行自动装配将会装配 Bean 的所有属性. 然而, 若只希望装配个别属性时, autowire 属性就不够灵活了. – autowire配置在bean的级别上，一旦使用autowire，必须为所有的bean都使用autowire装配
autowire 属性要么根据类型自动装配, 要么根据名称自动装配, 不能两者兼而有之 – 不够灵活
一般情况下，在实际的项目中很少使用自动装配功能，因为和自动装配功能所带来的好处比起来，明确清晰的配置文档更有说服力一些,但是在整合其他框架的时候，会使用autowire，会带来很大的方便

byName和byType各有优缺点，在使用时可以灵活选择